Histoire, humour et culture
History, humor and culture

En reprenant mes recherches sur les licornes pour en faire un essai, je me suis un peu intéressé à l’humour et aux gags apparaissant dans l’iconographie du Moyen-Âge et de la Renaissance, et qui ne sont pas bien différents de ceux que nous ferions aujourd’hui si nous avions les mêmes références. J’ai aussi réalisé que l’histoire de l’humour était un domaine quasiment inexploré (sauf pour l’antiquité romaine), et sans doute celui que je choisirais si je devais commencer des recherches aujourd’hui.

Pourquoi les historiens contemporains se sont-ils si peu intéressés, ou de manière très anecdotique, à quelque chose d’aussi important et significatif que l’humour ? La raison en est peut-être le pressentiment que cela nous obligerait à abandonner notre confortable position de supériorité par rapport aux époques que nous étudions. L’homme d’aujourd’hui en général, et l’historien en particulier, aime à croire que les hommes du passé, qui n’avaient pas lu Marx et/ou Freud, « ne pensaient pas comme nous », et que, avec le recul, nous comprenons bien sûr mieux leur société qu’ils n’ont jamais pu le faire. Manque de bol, et l’humour entre autres le révèle, s’ils avaient une vie plus difficile, pour certains moins de temps pour réfléchir, ils n’étaient pas plus bêtes que nous, pensaient comme nous, et savaient très bien dans quel monde ils vivaient.

C’est un peu la même chose avec les discours à la mode sur l’ « identité culturelle », qui veulent nous faire croire que, parce que les autres n’ont pas la même langue, la même cuisine, la même musique et les mêmes toilettes, ils pensent et doivent penser différemment de nous. Les différences culturelles existent mais, en géographie comme en histoire, elles sont très superficielles et n’entrainent pas que l’on pense différemment. Ces identités et cette diversité sont des constructions qui sinon visent, du moins ont pour effet de nous permettre de rester tranquillement entre nous et de penser que nous valons mieux que les autres. 

C’est ce qui me terrifie dans les réactions à la crise sanitaire (et écologique) actuelle. Oui, il faut voyager moins. Oui, il faut cesser de transporter inutilement des trucs d’un bout du monde à un autre. Mais cela n’oblige en rien à cesser de se mélanger, de mélanger nos musiques, nos littératures, nos cuisines, or il me semble que c’est avant tout cela qui est en train de se produire. En Europe comme en Asie, un peu moins peut-être en Amérique qui a connu cela plus tôt, on assiste à un grand retour du nationalisme culturel, de l’idée absurde que nous sommes différents et que cette différence est fondamentale et doit être préservée, que l’on peut même en être « fier ». Or l’histoire a montré que c’est quand ne connait pas les autres qu’on les imagine différents, et qu’on finit par leur faire la guerre.

Les crises sanitaires et écologiques sont des problèmes mondiaux, qui ne peuvent avoir que des solutions mondiales. Elles devraient être l’occasion de mettre de côté nos ridicules différences, de se concerter, de mettre en place au moins dans ces domaines une ébauche de gouvernement mondial. C’est le contraire qui est en train de se produire, et c’est dramatique. Et je n’ai pas envie de finir ma vie dans une France franco-française et « fière d’elle-même », c’est à dire un peu bête.


When coming back to my research on unicorns to write an essay, I had a serious look at jokes and humor in Renaissance and late Middle Ages art, and was striken by the fact that it was not that different from our, or at least from what we would do if we had the same references. I also noticed that there is very little non-anecdotical historical research on the history of humor (with one exception, Ancient Roman humor). If I were to start my research now. I would probably chose something in that field. 

Why did modern western historians neglect something as important and significant as humor ? I suspect the reason is that it would confront us with an unconfortable truth, that people « in those times » were not that different from us. We like, and historians like, to think that people frtom ancient times, who had not read Marx and/or Freud, « did not think like us », and that, with some hindsight, we understand their world better than they did. Unfortunately, and humor reveals it, while they had a harder life, while some of them had not much time to think, they were not more stupid than us and did not think really differently.

I feel the same when facing fashionable discourse about « cultural identity », which try to make us think that people who don’t speak the same language, who don’t eat the same food, who don’t use the same toilets, who don’t listen to the same Music, cannot think in the same way as us. People might be stupid, but not that stupid. Geographically like historically, we seriously exagerate cultural differences; they exist, but they are very superficial, and certainly not deep enough to make us think differently. Identities and diversity have become a way to help us stay between ourselves, and soon to think we are better than others.  

This is why I’m terrified by the reactions to the actual health and ecological crisis. Yes, we need to travel muc less. Yes, we need to stop producing unnecessary stuff and carrying it twice around the world. But there’s no reason to stop mixing ourselves, mixing our musics, litterature and cuisines into a big mess, and human culture should be a big mess.

In Europe and in Asia, may be not so much in the US because they had it before, what is happening is the exact opposite, cultural nationalism and the stupid idea that we are different and we should cherish this difference, may be even be « proud » of it – pride is always stupid. History has shown that when people get proud of themselves, they stop mixing with others, they stop knowing others, and it always ends with war. 

Health and ecological crises are world issues and can only have global answers. They should be an opportunity to discuss, to build the first draft of a world government. What is happening is the exacty opposite. And I’m not interested in living in a « proud » (meaning stupid) franco-french France.

Relocalisation
Backsourcing

Si je glisse souvent des allusions politiques sur ce blog, je parle rarement directement de politique.  Mais là, je suis trop énervé et trop inquiet, alors j’ai décidé de raconter ce qui m’empèche de dormir depuis quelques temps.
Une chose me surprend, et ne semble pas du tout discutée, dans tout ce qui s’est passé ces derniers mois. Alors que nous sommes face à des crise mondiales, à des problèmes qui sont à peu près les mêmes partout, chacun réagit de son côté, à sa manière, et égoïstement. On assiste même en Europe, si tant est que l’Europe institutionnelle existe encore, à un retour un peu mesquin de nos ridicules états nationaux.
Oui, il est nécessaire de ralentir à court terme la circulation des personnes pour lutter contre le virus, et à moyen terme celle des marchandises pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et pouvoir réagir aux possibles futures crises sanitaires. Donc, oui, il faut une certaine relocalisation économique, ce qui signifie par exemple cesser d’imprimer tous nos jeux en Chine. Mais ce à quoi l’on assiste, c’est surtout à une relocalisation politique et culturelle.
Si nous bougeons moins, il faut au contraire faire l’effort de mélanger plus que jamais les langues, les littératures, les musiques, les cuisines, les religions (si on n’arrive pas à s’en débarrasser) et se mélanger aussi en personne avec les quelques étrangers que l’on croise encore. Il faut se donner en permanence les moyens de vérifier que les autres pensent et sont comme nous. C’est l’inverse qui est en train de se produire, le repli culturel qui, historiquement, a toujours et très logiquement conduit à la guerre.
On a sans besoin d’une certaine relocalisation économique. La relocalisation culturelle est une catastrophe.

While I often put some political puns and hints in my blogposts, I rarely write directly about politics.  I’m too anxious and nervous these days, and I’ve decide dto explain, as clearly and shortly and possible, why I can’t sleep.
I’m astonished by one thing in the reactions to last months crisis. While we are facing global issues, everyone is reacting in their own way, individually, egoistically. In Europe, if there’s still something like an insititutional Europe, we are even witnessing the unexpected and somewhat ridiculous comeback of our old national states.
Yes, it is necessary in the short term to reduce the movement of people to fight the virus, and in the long term to slow the movement of goods to slow global warming and to be able to react to future crisis. So, yes, some economic backsourcing is necessary, which might include printing games nearer from the gamer. But what is happening is more of a political and cultural backsourcing.
If people stop moving and mixing, we must try to mix more than ever languages, literatures, music, cooking, religions (if we can’t get rid of them), and we must try mix ourselves as much as possible with the few foreigners we still happen to meet. We need ways to always make sure that strangers are like us and think like us. What is happening is the opposite, cultural retreat, which historically has always led to nationalism and to war.
We certainly need some economic backsourcing. Cultural backsourcing is a catastrophe.

Tom Vasel’s Best of Bruno Faidutti

Tom Vasel is probably the best know boardgame reviewer. I’m thrilled to be the very first in his series of designer’s best games.

Harald Bilz

Cela fait presque trente ans que je connais Harald Bilz, de Heidelberger Spieleverlag. Il a été mon premier éditeur outre-Rhin, pour la version allemande de Tempête sur l’Échiquier, puis pour Bongo. Il y a un mois encore, on s’était croisé à la Gen Con, à Indianapolis, et on avait bu quelques bières en riant de bon cœur. Il était passionné, fidèle, pince sans rire et, surtout, joueur. Et il était l’auteur de Burp et Neolithibum.

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I knew Harald Bilz, from Heidelberger Spieleverlag  for about thirty years. He was my first German publisher, for Tschach, then for Bongo, and never failed me. One month ago, we were laughing and drinking beer together in the hotel lobby at Gen Con. He was impassioned, truthful, deadpan and, most of all, a gamer. And the designer of Burp and Neolithibum.

A Letter to my American Friends

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An open letter to my american friends

These last days, I’ve been more often than usually on the internet, checking for news, both global news and news of some friends – and all my friends ended well. I made this mostly through Facebook, and was comforted by the signs of solidarity from the whole world – and especially from the US. There was, however, something a bit annoying in the way many americans expressed their solidarity, something that might just have been a bit clumsy, but might also show echoes of good old cultural imperialism.

It started in the very first hours after the event, when I was still hearing the procession of ambulances under my windows. It started with the proliferation on the internet of these « Pray for Paris » pictures.
I know that a large majority of american people are believers in one religion or another. In France, though most people have been baptized to please the odd grandmother, a majority of the people, and an overwhelming majority of the young and of the Parisians, define themselves as atheists or agnostics. Solidarity has to be inclusive, and while a call for prayers might sound inclusive for Americans, it can only be perceived here as discriminating, as a way to tell to the majority of the Parisian that they are not even worthy of showing their solidarity to their dead friends. This is even more true when the victims were killed in the name of religion.
Furthermore, the young people killed were watching a soccer match, drinking wine in open bars and, for most of them, listening to rock music. The killers want to forbid all of this and make us pray.
In a way, even if your idea of God is completely different from theirs, if you answer with prayers, they have won. Answer with more dancing, drinking and partying is probably more difficult, but if we manage to do it, and that’s what we are trying to do in Paris now, they have failed. French religious authorities, be they Christian, Muslim or Jewish, have felt the mood quite well and been very discreet so far.

I am extremely grateful to Facebook for their safe check feature, which helped me track a few friends immediately after the events, though why it was not implemented in Beyrouth the day before remains a disturbing question. But I am also a bit angry against Facebook for their « French flag » feature, a clumsy decision probably taken in a hurry, in some Californian office, with the purest intentions but without any consideration neither at what was really targeted in the killings, nor at the French political situation.
It is not, or not only, France which was attacked last Friday. The terrorists deliberately targeted people having fun – in a stadium, in bars, in restaurants, in one of the best Parisian rock concert venue. The target was Partying as much as France, and a symbol of Parisian life like the Eiffel tower, or a glass of wine, much better fitted as a sign of solidarity than a nationalist flag. Anyway, the feature was implemented in Facebook, and it is so easy to use it that French flags are now everywhere, thus giving the wrong idea that what is happening is a war of nations.
While this was indeed the Revolution flag in the late XVIIIth and XIXth century, the blue-white-red banner is now used only in very official occasions. It is not, like the US flag, in everyone’s garden.  Only the nationalist right wing sports it everywhere. Immediately after the event, European artists had started too paint and spread a few commemorative images, mostly in grey or black – there was a really nice one with the Eiffel Tower inside the Peace symbol. All of them had carefully avoided the use of the national colors, in order to prevent any nationalist recuperation.
Anyway, once more, I heartily thank all the people who have used this feature, and I thank Facebook because it was much better than nothing, but I regret that they didn’t take just one or two hours to find something more subtle.

So, it’s really great, in times of stress, to feel the solidarity of friends. I heartily thank my many American friends for their shows of solidarity. I must say however, in the most friendly way, that it felt sometimes a bit like the old uncle at a funeral, always trying to comfort everyone and saying just the wrong thing – but we love him nevertheless.

BTW, Beyrouth also was a place of fun, partying and open bars, but it was long ago.

La fin du vieux site
End of the old website

Après deux ans de “transition”, et de multiples hésitations, j’ai finalement effacé mon vieux site web, et donc la ludothèque idéale, à laquelle je n’ai plus moi-même accès. Je sais que certains continuaient à fréquenter ce site, et que mes vieilles critiques de jeux étaient encore appréciées. Elles correspondaient de moins en moins à ce que je pense aujourd’hui, et l’ensemble du site devenait peu à peu obsolète. Le jeu continue sur mon blog.

After two years of transition, and long hesitations, I finally removed my old website. I even cannot access it anymore. I know many gamers were still reading the old reviews in my ideal game library, but they were feeling more and more obsolete, often expressing ideas which are no more mine. The game goes on on my blog.

La licorne
The Unicorn

Depuis la parution du très beau livre de Michel Pastoureau et Elisabeth Delahaye, L.es Secrets de la licorne, dans lequel ma thèse d’histoire est citée comme l’une des principales sources sur l’animal merveilleux. je reçois d’assez nombreuses demandes d’internautes cherchant à accéder au texte de mes recherches, qui était jusque là caché dans les recoins poussiéreux de mon ancien site web.

J’ai cessé les recherches historiques depuis bien longtemps, mes connaissances sur la licorne sont loin d’être à jour, et j’ai découvert dans l’ouvrage de M. Pastoureau et E. Delahaye bien des choses que j’ignorai jusque là. Quoi qu’il en soit, si vous désirez lire quelques centaines de pages de plus sur la licorne, datant d’il y a bientôt vingt ans, elles sont ici :

Tome 1
Tome 2


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In the nice art and history book about “The Secrets of the Unicorn”, written by Michel Pastoureau and Elisabeth Delahaye, my PhD dissertation is cited as one of the main sources on the topic. Since this book has been published, a few weeks ago, I have received several emails by people asking me where they can fin the text of my PhD, which was hidden in a dusty corner of my old website.

I’ve not done any serious history research for quite long. My knowledge of the unicorn lore and history is not up to date, and I’ve learned many things I didn’t know in M. Pastoureau and E. Delahaye’s book. However, if you want to read a few extra hundred pages about the unicorn, now almost twenty years old, here they are – in French only.

Part 1
Part 2

Pourquoi ce blog
Why this blog

C’est très simple. Mon ancien site web était riche, complet, ambitieux, mais me prenait trop de temps. En outre, je ne me reconnaissais plus vraiment dans certains de ses articles les plus anciens, notamment les critiques de jeux de la ludothèque idéale. J’ai donc décidé de passer à quelque chose de plus simple, plus léger, plus modeste – un simple blog.
J’y posterai les nouvelles et les annonces de mes jeux, quelques éditos d’opinion, qui ne porteront pas nécessairement, ou pas seulement, sur le jeu, mais je ne pense plus consacrer à mes nouveaux jeux des sites aussi complets que ceux dédiés à mes précédentes créations et, surtout, je n’écrirai plus, sauf cas très particulier, de critique de jeux, ne serait-ce que parce que j’ai moins l’envie de jouer à toutes les nouveautés.
Je maintiens pour l’instant l’ancien site, mais il est probable que, lorsqu’il sera devenu véritablement obsolète, je finirai par l’effacer, après avoir récupéré les quelques éditoriaux qui méritent le plus d’être sauvés, et les avoir sans doute recopiés ici.


It’s very simple. My old website was complex, rich and ambitious and was time consuming. Also, since I have changed in twenty years, since I started it in 1993, I have changed my mind on many things, and I couldn’t agree any more with some of the oldest texts I wrote, some dating back to when I launched the site in 1996. I’ve decided to change for something more standard, more simple, more modest – a bland blog.
I’ll post here news about my games, the occasional editorial about gaming, designing or publishing games, and about other more or less game related stuff, but I don’t intend to write any more game review, if only because I can’t ant more try to play all the interesting new games. I still design games, I have a few in the pipe, but I probably won’t make full dedicated websites like I did for my older games.

The old website will stay online for a while, but I’ll probably end up removing it in a few months or years, when it will have become completely obsolete, after copying and pasting here the best parts, mostly a few editorials.