{"id":6370,"date":"2016-11-11T10:00:09","date_gmt":"2016-11-11T10:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=6370"},"modified":"2017-01-24T19:18:44","modified_gmt":"2017-01-24T19:18:44","slug":"je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/","title":{"rendered":"Je ne suis pas un num\u00e9ro, je suis un homme libre ! <br><i>I am not a number, I am a free man !<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2364\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/v315-grand-chaman\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1748,1858\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bruno grand shaman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-963x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2364\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bruno grand shaman\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-282x300.jpg 282w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-963x1024.jpg 963w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg 1748w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>R\u00e9cemment, lors d\u2019un salon, apr\u00e8s avoir discut\u00e9 de mes derni\u00e8res cr\u00e9ations, un joueur m\u2019a demand\u00e9 si j\u2019\u00e9tais math\u00e9maticien. Surpris et d\u00e9\u00e7u par ma r\u00e9ponse n\u00e9gative, il a alors entrepris de m\u2019expliquer que le jeu \u00e9tant de la math\u00e9matique, je ne pouvais \u00eatre qu\u2019un math\u00e9maticien qui s\u2019ignore &#8211; et donc aussi un grand na\u00eff. Ce n\u2019est pas la premi\u00e8re fois que je suis confront\u00e9 \u00e0 cette conviction de nombreux math\u00e9maticiens, et de quelques autres personnes, que le domaine du jeu, et surtout de la cr\u00e9ation ludique, appartient naturellement aux math\u00e9matiques. Et \u00e0 chaque fois \u00e7a m\u2019\u00e9nerve, ce qui explique le ton un peu pol\u00e9mique de ce texte. Je n\u2019ai rien contre les maths, mais ce que je fais n\u2019a pas grand chose \u00e0 voir avec les maths, et je pense \u00eatre assez bien plac\u00e9 pour le savoir.<\/p>\n<p>J\u2019\u00e9tais plut\u00f4t bon en maths au lyc\u00e9e mais, \u00e0 part quelques cours de statistiques en facult\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9conomie, je n\u2019en ai gu\u00e8re fait depuis. Mon niveau en math\u00e9matique est donc sans doute encore aujourd\u2019hui celui d\u2019une bonne terminale scientifique &#8211; rien de d\u00e9shonorant, mais certainement pas de quoi faire de moi un math\u00e9maticien.\u2028 Les outils math\u00e9matiques auxquels il m\u2019arrive de faire appel dans la conception de mes jeux ne sont d\u2019ailleurs m\u00eame pas de ce niveau. Un peu de combinatoire et de probabilit\u00e9s, souvent estim\u00e9es au doigt mouill\u00e9, pour savoir quelles sont les mains de cartes o\u00f9 les jets de d\u00e9s que l\u2019on a le plus de chances d\u2019obtenir, mais cela ne va pas beaucoup plus loin. Si cela suffit \u00e0 faire de tout auteur de jeu un math\u00e9maticien, on peut en dire autant des cuisiniers qui ne cessent de combiner des saveurs et de faire des r\u00e8gles de trois pour adapter les quantit\u00e9s d\u2019ingr\u00e9dients au nombre de convives.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6389\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/mm257_garfield\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"620,648\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richard Garfield\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6389\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield-287x300.jpg\" alt=\"mm257_garfield\" width=\"287\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield-287x300.jpg 287w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield-144x150.jpg 144w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><em><br \/>\nRichard Garfield, l&#8217;auteur de magic, a fait une th\u00e8se en analyse combinatoire.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Reiner Knizia et Richard Garfield, de grosses pointures de la cr\u00e9ation ludique, ont soutenu des th\u00e8ses de math\u00e9matiques, mais cela ne sent gu\u00e8re que dans les jeux du premier. Mon ami Bruno Cathala a longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 ing\u00e9nieur. Bien d\u2019autres auteurs ont des formations plus litt\u00e9raires, comme moi, ou artistiques comme Tom Vuarchex ou Anja Wrede. Beaucoup viennent de l\u2019informatique, mais moins de sa face scientifique que de sa d\u00e9rive litt\u00e9raire, le jeu video. Roberto Fraga \u00e9tait marin puis douanier. Friedemann Friese avait bien commenc\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes de maths, mais il a arr\u00eat\u00e9 pour devenir DJ. Eric Lang, avec qui je bosse pas mal en ce moment, est un autodidacte plut\u00f4t litt\u00e9raire. Bref, il y a de tout, et c\u2019est comme cela que l\u2019on fait un monde. C\u2019est cette vari\u00e9t\u00e9 qui, en permettant les \u00e9changes\u00a0 et les \u00ab\u00a0fertilisations crois\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb, si je peux me permettre cette m\u00e9taphore un peu os\u00e9e, est \u00e0 la source de la richesse actuelle de la cr\u00e9ation ludique. Dans le petit monde de la cr\u00e9ation ludique, Reiner Knizia, sans doute le seul vrai matheux, est d\u2019ailleurs souvent moqu\u00e9 pour le caract\u00e8re assez froid, abstrait et calculatoire de ses jeux.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6371\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/genius\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,375\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Genial\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6371\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"genius\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6372\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/reiner_knizia-portrait-close-up-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"339,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Knizia\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6372\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1-203x300.jpg\" alt=\"reiner_knizia-portrait-close-up-1\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1-102x150.jpg 102w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg 339w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\"><em>Reiner Knizia et l&#8217;un de ses meilleurs jeux.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>On sait que les physiciens font parfois un complexe d\u2019inf\u00e9riorit\u00e9 face aux math\u00e9maticiens, qui leur semblent naviguer dans des sph\u00e8res plus hautes et plus pures, mais l\u2019inverse est tout aussi vrai. Beaucoup de math\u00e9maticiens semblent toujours regretter un peu que le monde ne soit pas vraiment descriptible en termes math\u00e9matiques. Le jeu peut alors leur appara\u00eetre, vu de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur, comme un univers clos et arbitraire dans lequel la math\u00e9matique devient une science exp\u00e9rimentale.<\/p>\n<p>Beaucoup de jeux sont en effet totalement analysables et compr\u00e9hensibles, du moins en ce qui concerne leurs m\u00e9caniques; c\u2019est m\u00eame l\u2019une des caract\u00e9ristique essentielles qui les distinguent du monde r\u00e9el. Quelques uns &#8211; en gros les jeux abstraits et enti\u00e8rement bas\u00e9s sur la strat\u00e9gie et\/ou le hasard &#8211; peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9crits en termes purement math\u00e9matiques. Mais d\u00e8s que s\u2019y accrochent un th\u00e8me et des illustrations, ou d\u00e8s que les joueurs doivent prendre des d\u00e9cisions humaines faisant appel \u00e0 la psychologie, et notamment au bluff, l\u2019analyse math\u00e9matique, si elle reste tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante, n\u2019est plus en mesure de rendre compte du jeu dans sa totalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"665\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blaise-pascal\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"815,863\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Blaise Pascal &amp;#8211; A KIng&amp;#8217;s Life\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-665\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal-283x300.jpg\" alt=\"Blaise Pascal - A KIng's Life\" width=\"283\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal-283x300.jpg 283w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg 815w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\"><em>On peut \u00eatre un bon math\u00e9maticien, s&#8217;int\u00e9resser au jeu et faire des paris stupides.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Il y aurait tout un livre \u00e0 \u00e9crire, un essai \u00e9rudit \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re de <em>l\u2019histoire compacte de l\u2019infini<\/em> par David Foster Wallace ou de celle du voyage dans le temps par James Gleick, sur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des math\u00e9maticiens pour le jeu et de l\u2019id\u00e9e curieuse et r\u00e9currente que le jeu rel\u00e8ve des math\u00e9matiques. On peut remonter au XVIII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle avec Casanova, puis au XVII\u00e8me avec Pascal le parieur fou, puis au XVI\u00e8me avec Cardan, lui-m\u00eame grand joueur de jeux de hasard comme de strat\u00e9gie, et sans doute bien au del\u00e0.<\/p>\n<p>Plus r\u00e9cemment, il y a presque chez certains math\u00e9maticiens une volont\u00e9 de vouloir annexer sinon le monde du jeu, du moins le mot \u00ab\u00a0jeu\u00a0\u00bb. C\u2019est ainsi que, dans les ann\u00e9es quarante, un domaine des math\u00e9matiques a \u00e9t\u00e9 baptis\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Th\u00e9orie des Jeux\u00a0\u00bb. Elle cherche, en gros, \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer les choix optimaux dans des situations o\u00f9 l\u2019on ignore la d\u00e9cision prise, le plus souvent simultan\u00e9ment, par un autre acteur &#8211; j\u2019ai failli \u00e9crire joueur. Elle peut s\u2019appliquer \u00e0 pas mal de jeux, mais aussi \u00e0 de nombreux domaines qui ne sont pas tr\u00e8s ludiques, comme les processus \u00e9lectoraux ou la concurrence entre entreprises. Elle ne comprend en revanche ni les probabilit\u00e9s, ni l\u2019analyse combinatoire, pourtant les outils math\u00e9matiques les plus utiles aux joueurs et cr\u00e9ateurs de jeux ! Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, le fait que certains math\u00e9maticiens aient baptis\u00e9 th\u00e9orie des jeux un corpus qui n\u2019a pas grand chose \u00e0 voir avec le jeu ne suffit donc pas \u00e0 faire des jeux des objets math\u00e9matiques, et des joueurs et cr\u00e9ateurs des math\u00e9maticiens.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6377\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/gn1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"512,512\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GN\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6377\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"gn1\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN1.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\"><em>Je fais encore un GN de temps en temps. C\u2019est clairement du jeu, pas du th\u00e9\u00e2tre, et les maths en sont totalement absentes.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6084\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/dolores-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1468241912&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Cover\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Dolores&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6084\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"dolores\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Les outils de la th\u00e9orie des jeux peuvent s\u2019appliquer \u00e0 Dolor\u00e8s, le petit jeu de cartes que j\u2019ai con\u00e7u avec Eric Lang. Dolor\u00e8s est assez largement bas\u00e9 sur le dilemme du prisonnier, l\u2019un des paradoxes qu\u2019elle \u00e9tudie. Il reste que quiconque y a jou\u00e9 se rend compte que le dilemme du prisonnier n\u2019y est pas seulement un paradoxe math\u00e9matique mais aussi un exercice de psychologie, ce qu\u2019illustre tr\u00e8s bien le fait que les comportements des joueurs sont devenus plus agressifs, lorsque nous avons remplac\u00e9 les cartes qui servaient \u00e0 prendre les d\u00e9cisions par un poing tendu \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re de Pierre &#8211; Feuille &#8211; Ciseaux. Nous avons chang\u00e9 le jeu sans toucher \u00e0 sa structure formelle.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5629\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/04\/11\/diamant\/diamant-cover\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"882,874\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Diamant\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cover&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-5629\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover-300x297.jpg\" alt=\"diamant cover\" width=\"300\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover-303x300.jpg 303w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/diamant-cover.jpg 882w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>De m\u00eame, ce qui fait que je suis assez fier de Diamant, et que je le tiens pour un meilleur jeu que Can&#8217;t Stop et de la plupart des autres jeux de prise de risque de ce type, c&#8217;est que les d\u00e9cisions des joueurs \u00e9tant simultan\u00e9es, elles rel\u00e8vent autant de la psychologie que des probabilit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Le sophisme r\u00e9pandu qui voudrait que, parce qu\u2019il y a un peu de calcul dans certains jeux, les jeux rel\u00e8vent globalement des math\u00e9matiques, me g\u00eane dans mon activit\u00e9 d\u2019auteur de jeu.<br \/>\nIl me g\u00eane dans mes relations avec certains \u00e9diteurs, qui pensent pouvoir modifier le th\u00e8me en toute libert\u00e9 puisqu\u2019ils ne touchent pas \u00e0 la nature fondamentale du jeu. Dans un jeu, dans un bon jeu tout au moins, th\u00e8me et syst\u00e8me ont une relation dialectique, et l\u2019on ne peut toucher \u00e0 l\u2019un sans revenir sur l\u2019autre. Cette \u00e9vidence, aujourd\u2019hui admise pour le jeu video dont la dimension narrative est de plus en plus mise en avant, peine \u00e0 s\u2019imposer dans le jeu de soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<br \/>\nIl me g\u00eane surtout, comme le montre la remarque \u00e0 l\u2019origine de cet article, parce qu\u2019il donne de mon m\u00e9tier une image extr\u00eamement r\u00e9ductrice. Le travail de cr\u00e9ateur de jeu, du moins tel que je le vis, ressemble bien plus \u00e0 celui de l\u2019\u00e9crivain ou du cuisinier qu\u2019\u00e0 celui du math\u00e9maticien. C\u2019est aussi pour cela que je tiens \u00e0 l\u2019expression \u00ab\u00a0auteur\u00a0\u00bb de jeu.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/card9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"653\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2012\/05\/01\/la-vallee-des-mammouths-valley-of-the-mammoths\/card9\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/card9.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"916,1000\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bruno Shaman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/card9.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-653\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/card9-274x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bruno Shaman\" width=\"274\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/card9-274x300.jpg 274w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/card9.jpg 916w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>A few weeks ago, at a game fair, after having discussed my last designs, someone asked me if I was a mathematician. Obviously surprised and disappointed by my negative answer, he then started to explain me that games were pure maths, and that I was therefore a unwitting and somewhat naive mathematician. It\u2019s not the first time I faced this strange conviction, by most mathematicians and some other people, that game, and even more game design, is maths. It\u2019s wrong, and it always makes me a bit angry. I\u2019ve nothing against maths, but what I\u2018m doing is not maths, and I think I\u2019m in the best place to judge of it.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>I was not bad at maths in high school but, except for a few classes in statistics when studying economics and sociology, I didn\u2019t learn much since then. My math level is probably the same as what it was at 18 &#8211; a really good high school level. Nothing disparaging, but certainly not enough to be called a mathematician.<br \/>\n<\/em><em>The few maths tools I use when designing games are not even of that level. I could sometimes use some combinatorial and\u00a0 probabilities, to know which card hands or die rolls are the most likely, but a wet finger approach is usually sufficient. A cook needs as much maths to reckon the right proportions of ingredients depending on the number of guests.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6389\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/mm257_garfield\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"620,648\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richard Garfield\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6389\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield-287x300.jpg\" alt=\"mm257_garfield\" width=\"287\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield-287x300.jpg 287w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield-144x150.jpg 144w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/mm257_garfield.jpg 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><em><br \/>\n<\/em>Richard Garfield, Magic the Gathering&#8217;s designer, has a PhD in combinatori<em>al mathematics.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Reiner Knizia and Richard Garfield, two of the most influential game designers, have PhD in maths, but it doesn&#8217;t really show in Richard&#8217;s games. My friend Bruno Cathala was an engineer. Other game designers have studied humanities, like me, or even graphic arts, like Tom Vuarchex or Anja Wrede. Many come from the computer world, but usually not from its hard science part, rather from its literary drift, video games. Roberto Fraga was a sailor, then a customs officer. Friedemann Friese started to study maths but soon gave up to become a DJ. Eric Lang, with whom I work a lot lately, is a humanities autodidact. Anyway, there are game designers with very different kind of curricula and experiences, and it\u2019s a good thing. This generates variety and cross-fertilisation (don\u2019t take this metaphor too literally), and explains the teeming fun of the gaming scene. By the way, in the small gaming world, the one true math egg-head, Reiner Knizia, is often gently mocked for it and for the abstractness and coldness of his games. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6371\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/genius\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,375\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Genial\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6371\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"genius\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-150x113.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/genius.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6372\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/reiner_knizia-portrait-close-up-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"339,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Knizia\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6372\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1-203x300.jpg\" alt=\"reiner_knizia-portrait-close-up-1\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1-102x150.jpg 102w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Reiner_Knizia-Portrait-Close-up-1.jpg 339w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">Reiner Knizia and one of his best games.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>It is often said that physicists have an inferiority complex vis a vis mathematicians, who navigate in higher and purer spheres, but the opposite is also true. Many mathematicians seem to regret that the actual world cannot be described in pure formal terms, and can see games as closed and arbitrary systems in which mathematics become something like an experimental science.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>It\u2019s true that, at least mechanically, many games can be formally analysed and understood. This might even be the true difference between game and reality. Some of these games, mostly those based entirely on strategy or luck, can be described in pure mathematical terms. But when you add a theme or some graphics, or when players have to make decisions relying on psychology, including bluffing, rational mathematical analysis becomes insufficient. It\u2019s still interesting, but it becomes only a part, and often a small part, of the game &#8211; just like it is of real life.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"665\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blaise-pascal\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"815,863\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Blaise Pascal &amp;#8211; A KIng&amp;#8217;s Life\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-665\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal-283x300.jpg\" alt=\"Blaise Pascal - A KIng's Life\" width=\"283\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal-283x300.jpg 283w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/blaise-pascal.jpg 815w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">One can be a true mathematician, interested in games, and make stupid wagers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Someone should write a long and erudite essay, akin to David Foster Wallace\u2019s <\/em>Compact History of Infinity<em>, or James Gleick\u2019s <\/em>Time Travel &#8211; a History<em>, about the history of the strange and recurring idea that games are basically maths. This could go back to the XVIIIth century with Casanova\u2019s, then to the XVIIth century with Pascal, the mad gambler, then to the XVIth with Girolamo Cardano, who played both games of luck and of strategy, and certainly much farther.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>More recently, there has been attempts by mathematicians to annex if not the world of games, at least the word \u00ab\u00a0game\u00a0\u00bb. In the forties, a whole field in mathematics has been baptized \u00ab\u00a0game theory\u00a0\u00bb. This game theory mostly deals with optimal decisions in situations where one doesn&#8217;t know the decision that will be made by other people &#8211; I nearly wrote other players. It can be used to analyse some games, but also lots of stuff which clearly are not games, like vote procedures or business competition. Surprisingly, neither probabilities nor combinatorics, which are the mathematical tools most used by players and game designers. Anyway, the fact that mathematicians call \u00ab\u00a0game theory\u00a0\u00bb a field which has little to do with games isn\u2019t enough to make all games maths, and game designers mathematicians. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6378\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/gn2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"515,528\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GN\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6378\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2-293x300.jpg\" alt=\"gn2\" width=\"293\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2-293x300.jpg 293w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2-146x150.jpg 146w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/GN2.jpg 515w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008080;\">I still occasionally play larps. It\u2019s clearly gaming, not theater, and may be nearer to the essence of gaming than any boardgame, and there\u2019s not the slightest maths in it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"6084\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/dolores-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1468241912&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Cover\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Dolores&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6084\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"dolores\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/dolores.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Game theory can be applied to H.M.S. Dolores, the small card game I\u2019ve recently designed with Eric Lang. H.M.S. Dolores is largely based on the prisoner\u2019s dilemma, one of the paradoxes mathematical game theory deals with. Anyone who plays the game, however, will understand that the prisoner\u2019s dilemma is used here not only a mathematical paradox but also as an exercise in psychology. This showed clearly when we changed the way players made their decisions, using rock-paper-scissors hand gestures instead of cards &#8211; the game\u2019s formal structure was unchanged, but the actual game was, and players became more agressive. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2628\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/12\/05\/editeurs-auteurs-et-pour-une-fois-illustrateurs-publishers-designers-and-for-once-illustrators\/incan-gold\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,367\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"incan gold\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2628\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold-300x220.jpg\" alt=\"incan gold\" width=\"300\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold-300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold-408x300.jpg 408w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/incan-gold.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Similarly, the reason why I think that Diamant \/ Incan Gold is a better game than Sid Sackson&#8217;s Can&#8217;t Stop is that players must make their choices simultaneously. This is why Incan Gold is a game about psychology, when Can&#8217;t Stop is mostly about probabilities.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The popular idea that games are just formal systems, just mathematics, is a real problem for me as a game designer.\u2028It\u2019s a problem in my relations with publishers, who think they don\u2019t modify a game when they change the setting because systems are the true core of the game &#8211; which they are not, or not always. In most games, and in all good ones, there is a dialectic relation between theme \/ setting and systems, and modifying one often implies modifying the other. This si largely accepted about video games, whose narrative aspect is considered essential, but it is still a problem in the boardgaming world.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>It\u2019s a problem also because it gives a reductive, and sometimes utterly false, image of my daily job, as can be seen in the anecdote which opened this blogpost. Being a game designer feels much more like being a writer, or may be a cook, than like being a mathematician.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R\u00e9cemment, lors d\u2019un salon, apr\u00e8s avoir discut\u00e9 de mes derni\u00e8res cr\u00e9ations, un joueur m\u2019a demand\u00e9 si j\u2019\u00e9tais math\u00e9maticien. Surpris et d\u00e9\u00e7u par ma r\u00e9ponse n\u00e9gative, il a alors entrepris de m\u2019expliquer que le jeu \u00e9tant de la math\u00e9matique, je ne &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/11\/11\/je-ne-suis-pas-un-numero-je-suis-un-homme-libre-i-am-not-a-number-i-am-a-free-man\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[123,27],"tags":[348,278,126],"class_list":["post-6370","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-creation-ludique-game-design","category-le-monde-du-jeu-game-trends-and-styles","tag-diamant-incan-gold","tag-dolores","tag-intello-theory"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2HNOP-1EK","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6370","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6370"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6370\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6652,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6370\/revisions\/6652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6370"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6370"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6370"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}