{"id":5552,"date":"2016-03-10T16:49:49","date_gmt":"2016-03-10T16:49:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=5552"},"modified":"2019-08-02T06:02:13","modified_gmt":"2019-08-02T06:02:13","slug":"racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/","title":{"rendered":"Racisme et graphisme dans les jeux aux \u00c9tats-Unis et en Europe<br><i>Race and game imagery in Europe and in the USA<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2363\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/v314-shaman\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1379,1506\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bruno shaman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-937x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2363\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-274x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bruno shaman\" width=\"274\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-274x300.jpg 274w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-937x1024.jpg 937w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman.jpg 1379w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Une revue universitaire am\u00e9ricaine (<a href=\"http:\/\/analoggamestudies.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analog Game Studies<\/a>) m&#8217;a demand\u00e9 de retravailler mon article sur &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=3780\">d\u00e9coloniser Catan<\/a>&#8221; pour en faire un essai plus long et un peu plus s\u00e9rieusement argument\u00e9. Ce post de blog reprend une annexe \u00e0 cet essai, annexe consacr\u00e9e aux probl\u00e8mes rencontr\u00e9s outre-Atlantique par les illustrations de deux de mes jeux, une sorte d&#8217;\u00e9tude \u00e9tude de cas sur la diff\u00e9rence de perception, et donc de sens, de certaines repr\u00e9sentations entre l&#8217;ancien et le nouveau monde. Il m&#8217;a sembl\u00e9 que la parution de Waka Tanka \u00e9tait une bonne occasion pour publier ce petit texte ici. Lorsque l&#8217;article complet sera publi\u00e9 en anglais, je posterai l&#8217;int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 de sa traduction fran\u00e7aise.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 deux reprises, d\u2019abord avec <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=265\">Isla Dorada<\/a>, puis maintenant avec <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=4694\">Waka Tanka<\/a>, les illustrations r\u00e9alis\u00e9es en France pour mes jeux ont d\u00fb \u00eatre modifi\u00e9es par crainte qu\u2019elles soient consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme racistes aux Etats-Unis. Mes amis de Days of Wonder ont aussi essuy\u00e9 des critiques, assez pu\u00e9riles vues d\u2019Europe, sur la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019esclaves dans Five Tribes, leur jeu sur les Mille et Une Nuits. Ce qui est int\u00e9ressant ici, c\u2019est de comprendre comment certaines images, ou certains th\u00e8mes, peuvent \u00eatre per\u00e7us comme racistes aux Etats-Unis et pas en Europe, et parfois aussi l\u2019inverse. Lorsqu\u2019un tel probl\u00e8me se pose, et c\u2019est fr\u00e9quent dans de tr\u00e8s nombreux domaines, les europ\u00e9ens r\u00e9agissent habituellement en se moquant de l\u2019hypersensibilit\u00e9 et du politiquement-correct \u00e0 l\u2019am\u00e9ricaine, tandis que les am\u00e9ricains critiquent \u2013 \u00e0 tort &#8211; l\u2019insensibilit\u00e9 et l\u2019aveuglement des europ\u00e9ens et \u2013 parfois \u00e0 raison \u2013 leur go\u00fbt de la provocation. Un autre probl\u00e8me est que les am\u00e9ricains sont habitu\u00e9s \u00e0 voir les critiques du politiquement-correct venir d\u2019une droite plus ou moins d\u00e9complex\u00e9e, r\u00e9clamant la libert\u00e9 d\u2019exprimer des id\u00e9es socialement probl\u00e9matiques, et ne r\u00e9alisent pas qu\u2019en Europe les attaques viennent autant de la gauche, de tous ceux qui pensent comme moi que l\u2019euph\u00e9misation du langage et des repr\u00e9sentations est surtout une excuse pour ne pas s\u2019occuper des vrais probl\u00e8mes sociaux, voire un moyen de les cacher, et que la logique du politiquement correct finit par nuire aux bonnes causes qu\u2019elle est cens\u00e9e d\u00e9fendre.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5575\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/five-tribes-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;LiDE 110&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1457737976&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Five Tribes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5575 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1-188x300.jpg\" alt=\"five tribes\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg 314w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5572\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/five-tribes-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Five Tribes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5572 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-188x300.jpg\" alt=\"five tribes\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg 314w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<em><span style=\"color: #808080;\">L&#8217;esclave et le fakir. Je reconnais que le dessin du fakir est meilleur.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, et sans doute parce que je suis europ\u00e9en, je n\u2019ai toujours pas vraiment compris quel probl\u00e8me posait la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019esclaves dans Five Tribes. Leur absence, voire leur occultation, dans Puerto Rico me met plus mal \u00e0 l\u2019aise. L\u2019univers de Five Tribes rel\u00e8ve de l\u2019imaginaire orientaliste, celui de Puerto Rico est plus historique, mais les esclaves \u00e9taient pr\u00e9sents dans ces deux mondes. Les remplacer par d\u2019euph\u00e9mistiques colons, ou par des fakirs quand il y a des centaines d\u2019esclaves mais pas un seul fakir dans tout le texte des Mille-et-une-nuits, semble surtout un moyen d\u2019ignorer, voire d\u2019effacer, les passages les plus g\u00eanants de notre histoire. Cela ne contribue en rien \u00e0 lutter contre l\u2019orientalisme ou le racisme, cela n\u2019aide pas non plus \u00e0 les comprendre, cela les cache simplement d\u2019une mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s superficielle et un peu hypocrite.<\/p>\n<p>Ce qui m\u2019est arriv\u00e9 \u2013 ou, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, qui est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 mes illustrateurs et mes \u00e9diteurs \u2013 est plus int\u00e9ressant.<\/p>\n<p>Isla Dorada est un compendium de clich\u00e9s orientalistes sur diverses cultures, souvent all\u00e8grement m\u00e9lang\u00e9es. Tout dans son th\u00e8me et ses illustrations rel\u00e8ve de la caricature. Lorsque mes amis de Fantasy Flight Games prirent la d\u00e9cision de le publier en anglais, ils tiqu\u00e8rent devant l\u2019une des illustrations, le sauvage noir de la tribu des Ovetos, et demand\u00e8rent \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9diteur fran\u00e7ais de la modifier car elle \u00e9tait, pour eux, \u00e0 la limite du racisme. J\u2019ai demand\u00e9 le point de vue du seul auteur de jeu noir que je connaisse, Eric Lang, qui travaillait alors avec Fantasy Flight Games, et cette illustration ne lui posa aucun probl\u00e8me \u2013 mais il est aussi canadien, et donc \u00e0 demi europ\u00e9en.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9diteur et l\u2019illustrateur fran\u00e7ais r\u00e9agirent de la mani\u00e8re habituelle \u00ab il n\u2019y a rien de raciste, mais les am\u00e9ricains sont un peu paranos sur ces questions, on va modifier le dessin\u00a0\u00bb. Le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019\u00e9diteur am\u00e9ricain \u00e9tait que le clich\u00e9 exploit\u00e9 par l\u2019illustrateur n\u2019\u00e9tait pas politiquement correct, le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019illustrateur fran\u00e7ais \u00e9tait d\u2019\u00eatre fid\u00e8le \u00e0 un clich\u00e9 qui n\u2019avait rien de politique, et qui \u00e9tait le v\u00e9ritable th\u00e8me du jeu.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e0 o\u00f9 les choses deviennent amusantes, c\u2019est que nous nous sommes dans un premier temps tromp\u00e9s sur ce que les am\u00e9ricains trouvaient raciste dans cette image. Nous avons pens\u00e9 que c\u2019\u00e9tait l\u2019os qui traversait le nez du sauvage, alors que c\u2019\u00e9tait ses l\u00e8vres pro\u00e9minentes. Cela montre qu\u2019une caricature n\u2019est jamais raciste en elle-m\u00eame. Nul ne fron\u00e7a un sourcil lorsque le jeu fut publi\u00e9 outre-Atlantique avec un noir aux l\u00e8vres fines et au nez perc\u00e9 et d\u00e9cor\u00e9. Les codes d\u00e9finissant ce qui est raciste et ne l\u2019est pas ne sont tout simplement pas les m\u00eames des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de l\u2019oc\u00e9an. Pour nous, et pour moi, l\u2019os, avec son c\u00f4t\u00e9 &#8220;sauvage et barbare&#8221; \u00e9tait peut-\u00eatre un peu limite, les l\u00e8vres, n&#8217;\u00e9tant qu&#8217;un attribut physique, ne posaient pas plus de probl\u00e8me que des cheveux fris\u00e9s \u2013 mais il est vrai que notre personnage est chauve.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5556\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/image119\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"416,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Isla Dorada &amp;#8211; Ovetos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5556 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119-208x300.jpg\" alt=\"Isla Dorada - Ovetos\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5557\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/image121\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"441,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Isla Dorada &amp;#8211; Ovetos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5557 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121-221x300.jpg\" alt=\"Isla Dorada - Ovetos\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg 441w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5558\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/image123\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"416,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Isla Dorada &amp;#8211; Ovetos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5558 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123-208x300.jpg\" alt=\"Isla Dorada - Ovetos\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" \/><\/a><em><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #808080;\">Trois versions successives de la carte Ovetos :<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #808080;\"> L\u2019original, une premi\u00e8re version rapidement corrig\u00e9e avec des grosses l\u00e8vres mais la peau claire, et la version publi\u00e9e, \u00e0 laquelle les l\u00e8vres fines donnent un aspect cruel.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est un peu la m\u00eame histoire qui est arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 Waka Tanka. Comme je l\u2019ai expliqu\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, nous n\u2019avons pas en Europe les m\u00eames complexes que les am\u00e9ricains pour parler des indiens d\u2019Am\u00e9rique, un peu parce que, nous, nous ne leur avons rien fait mais surtout parce que l\u2019image exotique que nous en avons est construite autant sur la similitude que sur l\u2019\u00e9tranget\u00e9. Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, un \u00e9diteur br\u00e9silien a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9diter ce jeu pour le march\u00e9 am\u00e9ricain. Il fut aussi surpris que moi, et que l\u2019illustrateur, en apprenant que l\u2019image de couverture risquait de passer pour une caricature ouvertement raciste. Bien s\u00fbr, nous nous sommes d\u2019abord moqu\u00e9s du fait qu\u2019il \u00e9tait impossible de dessiner un indien qui ressemble \u00e0 un indien, mais apr\u00e8s quelques discussions sur les forums de joueurs, il est apparu que le probl\u00e8me \u00e9tait, l\u00e0 encore, tr\u00e8s sp\u00e9cifique. Ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas tant l\u2019univers exotique des indiens des plaines, pr\u00e9sent dans bien des jeux europ\u00e9ens d\u00e9j\u00e0 vendus en Am\u00e9rique, que la figure du vieux chef au premier plan, qui rappelait \u00e0 tous les am\u00e9ricains les \u00ab\u00a0Cigar Store Indians\u00a0\u00bb, une image dont je ne connaissais que vaguement l\u2019existence, mais qui est un peu l&#8217;\u00e9quivalent am\u00e9ricain de notre &#8220;noir banania&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Pour les deux jeux, les premi\u00e8res discussions entre europ\u00e9ens (et br\u00e9siliens) d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, et am\u00e9ricains de l\u2019autre, ont consist\u00e9 \u00e0 argumenter, \u00e0 expliquer que l\u2019image \u00e9tait, ou n\u2019\u00e9tait pas, raciste. Bien s\u00fbr, cela \u00e9tait vain, car la m\u00eame image peut \u00eatre raciste en Am\u00e9rique et pas en Europe, selon les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de repr\u00e9sentation qui sont devenus les codes arbitraires du discours raciste, et accessoirement selon le fait qu\u2019une caricature est en elle m\u00eame tenue ou non comme quelque chose d\u2019insultant.<\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est pour cette raison que, m\u00eame si cela co\u00fbte un petit peu plus cher, l\u2019\u00e9diteur fran\u00e7ais de Waka Tanka a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de conserver la couverture initialement pr\u00e9vue pour l\u2019Europe, et a demand\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019illustrateur, David Cochard, d\u2019en r\u00e9aliser une autre pour les Etats-Unis. David s\u2019est m\u00eame fendu sur Facebook d\u2019un petit billet d\u2019humeur fort bien vu dans lequel il expliquait ce qu\u2019est une caricature. Pour lui, comme d\u2019ailleurs pour moi si j\u2019avais su dessiner, ne pas \u00eatre raciste consiste \u00e0 caricaturer tout le monde de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re, tandis que refuser de caricaturer certains groupes aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois raciste et paternaliste.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"4800\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/waka-topboite\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1593,1599\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Waka Tanka &amp;#8211; Cover\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-1020x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4800\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Waka Tanka - Cover\" width=\"270\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-1020x1024.jpg 1020w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-299x300.jpg 299w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite.jpg 1593w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5396\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/waka-tanka-us\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"787,788\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Waka Tanka\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cover &amp;#8211; US&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5396\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Waka Tanka US - Cover\" width=\"270\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-768x769.jpg 768w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg 787w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a><em><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><br \/>\nLes couvertures fran\u00e7aises et am\u00e9ricaines de Waka Tanka<\/span><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Nous avons aussi envisag\u00e9 de d\u00e9placer l\u2019action dans les \u00eeles du Pacifique, en rempla\u00e7ant le totem par un tiki. Cela nous aurait permis, une fois le jeu publi\u00e9 sans que nul n\u2019y trouve \u00e0 redire, de faire remarquer ironiquement qu\u2019alors qu\u2019il y a plus de polyn\u00e9siens que d\u2019indiens d\u2019Am\u00e9rique, seuls ces derniers posent probl\u00e8me. Cela aurait cependant oblig\u00e9 \u00e0 refaire toutes les illustrations et aurait donc co\u00fbt\u00e9 plus cher, et l\u2019histoire des esprits animaux aurait moins coll\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019univers polyn\u00e9sien. Et puis, j\u2019ai un autre jeu avec des tikis qui arrive bient\u00f4t, on va bien voir comment il sera re\u00e7u\u2026. Il reste que, dans un monde ou les produits et les images sont mondialis\u00e9s plus rapidement que les id\u00e9es, ce genre de probl\u00e8me risque de se poser de plus en plus fr\u00e9quemment.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2364\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/v315-grand-chaman\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1748,1858\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bruno grand shaman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-963x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2364\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bruno grand shaman\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-282x300.jpg 282w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-963x1024.jpg 963w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg 1748w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><em>A US academic review, <a href=\"http:\/\/analoggamestudies.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analog Game Studies<\/a>, has asked me if I could expand on my post about &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=3780\">postocolonial Catan<\/a>&#8221; to make a longer and more scholarly essay out of it. The new version of this articles, which develops some new themes, will be published in the second volume of the print edition of Analog Game Studies. The following post was originally intended as an annex about the problems we encountered in the US with the art for two of my games. It is a case study of the difference in the perception, and therefore in the meaning, of\u00a0 representations between the European and the American culture. I think that the publication of Waka Tanka, first in a French and in a few months in English, is a good oportunity to post this short text here,<\/em><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><em>Two times, with <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=265\">Isla Dorada<\/a> and now with <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=4694\">Waka Tanka<\/a>, there has been problems with the graphics in my games, which had to be changed by fear that they would be considered racist in the US. My friends at Days of Wonder also experienced unexpected (and incomprehensible from Europe) attacks about the presence of slaves in their 1001 nights boardgame Five Tribes. I think there is something interesting in why some pictures or themes can be seen as racist in the US and not in Europe. When such an issue occurs, and it happens very often in various industries, the usual reaction on this side of the Atlantic is to mock American oversensibility and political-correctness, while the US point is to consider Europeans insensitive \u2013 which they are not \u2013 or provocative \u2013 which they might be. Another problem is that Americans are used to see attacks on political-correctness come mostly from the right, meaning from people who want the freedom to express problematic ideas, and don\u2019t realize that many European attacks are coming from the left, from people who think, as I do, that euphemizing language or representation is mostly an excuse not to deal with \u201creal world\u201d social or racial issues, and even to hide them. As a result, undiscriminate political-correctness applied to language and representation ends up harming the very cause it was supposed to foster.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5575\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/five-tribes-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;LiDE 110&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1457737976&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Five Tribes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5575 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1-188x300.jpg\" alt=\"five tribes\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-1.jpg 314w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5572\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/five-tribes-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"314,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Five Tribes\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5572 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-188x300.jpg\" alt=\"five tribes\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/five-tribes.jpg 314w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #808080;\">Slave and Fakir. At least, the art for the fakir is better.<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>Anyway, may be because I am a European, I still don\u2019t really understand what exactly was the problem with the presence of slaves in Five Tribes and, as I wrote earlier, I find their absence in Puerto Rico much more unsettling. Five Tribes has a fantasy and extremely orientalist setting, Puerto Rico has a more historical one, but both settings include slaves, and replacing them with so-called \u201ccolonists\u201d or with fakirs, when there are hundreds of slaves but not a single fakir in the whole text of the 10001 nights, looks like a way to simply ignore, to erase, the problematic parts of our history. It\u2019s not getting rid of orientalism or racism, it\u2019s not even helping to make sense of it, it\u2019s just euphemizing them in a very superficial, and some would say hypocritical way.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>What happened to me, or at least to my illustrators and publishers, with the graphics of two different games is more interesting.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Isla Dorada is a compendium of orientalist clich\u00e9s from several different \u2013 and often lightly mixed \u2013 cultures. Everything in its theme and its graphics is caricature. When Fantasy Flight Games decided to publish it in the US, they frowned at one of the pictures, a black savage of the Ovetos tribe, and asked the French publisher to change it because it bordered on racism. Actually, the only black boardgame designer I know, Eric Lang, who was working with Fantasy Flight Games at that time, didn\u2019t have any issue with picture, but he\u2019s also a Canadian, which means half a European.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The French publisher, and the artist, reacted in the usual way \u201cOK, it\u2019s not racist, but Americans are a bit paranoid when it comes to these issues, let\u2019s change it\u201d. In fact, the problem for the US publisher was whether the clich\u00e9 was politically acceptable, while the problem for the French artist was to be esthetically true to the clich\u00e9, which is the real theme of the game.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Where it becomes really fun, is that we first mistook what Americans thought racist in the picture \u2013 it was the fat lips of the character, when the artist first thought it was the bone through his nose. This shows that an exotic caricature is not racist per se \u2013 no one raised an eyelash when the game was published in the US with a thin lipped black tribesman sporting a bone through his nose \u2013 but that the codes defining what is racist and what isn\u2019t are not the same in Europe and in the US. For us, and for me, the bone, which could suggest &#8220;cultural backwardness&#8221; was borderline, while the lips, being a physical feature, were no more problem than fuzzy hair \u2013 well, this Ovetos is actually bald, but you see what I mean.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5556\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/image119\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"416,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Isla Dorada &amp;#8211; Ovetos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5556 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119-208x300.jpg\" alt=\"Isla Dorada - Ovetos\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image119.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5557\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/image121\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"441,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Isla Dorada &amp;#8211; Ovetos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5557 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121-221x300.jpg\" alt=\"Isla Dorada - Ovetos\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image121.jpg 441w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5558\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/image123\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"416,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Isla Dorada &amp;#8211; Ovetos\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5558 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123-208x300.jpg\" alt=\"Isla Dorada - Ovetos\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123-208x300.jpg 208w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/image123.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 208px) 100vw, 208px\" \/><\/a><em><br \/>\n<\/em><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Three versions of the Isla Dorada Ovetos card :<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #808080;\">Naiiiade\u2019s original, a first reworking with white skin, and the final version with black skin and thin lips. The thin lips make him look more cruel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>A very similar story happened with the cover art for Waka Tanka. As I said before, we don\u2019t much care for stereotypes in the representations of American Indians in Europe. The main reason is not the obvious one, that we didn&#8217;t kill them &#8211; our cousins did &#8211; , it is that the exotic image we have of them is universally positive, and based as much on sameness than on otherness. Anyway, a Brazilian publisher decided to bring the game to the US, and was as surprised as me, the illustrator, and the French publisher when told the cover picture of the game was overtly racist. Of course, we first mocked the idea that it was impossible to draw an American Indian who looks like an American Indian, but after some discussions on game forums, it appeared that the issue was, once more, extremely specific. The problem was not the exotic and unrealistic setting, which is common in European games and didn\u2019t create any problem so far, but the figure of the old chief in the foreground, which reminded every American of the \u201cCigar stores Indian\u201d \u2013 an image I didn\u2019t even know about.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>For both games, the first steps in the discussion between European (and Brazilians) and Americans were trying to prove that the picture was, or wasn\u2019t, racist. Of course, this was vain, since the answer is that the same picture can be racist in the US and not in Europe, or the reverse, depending on what part of the representation of the other has become the accepted sign of racism, and whether the very act of caricature is considered insulting or not.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>It is to emphasize this that, even when it means some added costs, the French publisher of Waka-Tanka has decided to keep the original cover in Europe, while the artist, David Cochard, was commissioned a new one that will be used only in the US. David even wrote a fun and clever, but also a bit angry, reaction on Facebook in which he explained that he was a caricaturist, and that not being racist meant caricaturing everyone in the same way, while refusing to caricature some groups would have been both racist and patronizing.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"4800\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/waka-topboite\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1593,1599\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Waka Tanka &amp;#8211; Cover\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-1020x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4800\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Waka Tanka - Cover\" width=\"270\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-1020x1024.jpg 1020w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite-299x300.jpg 299w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-topBoite.jpg 1593w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"5396\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/waka-tanka-us\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"787,788\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Waka Tanka\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cover &amp;#8211; US&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5396\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Waka Tanka US - Cover\" width=\"270\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US-768x769.jpg 768w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/Waka-Tanka-US.jpg 787w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><br \/>\nThe French and US covers for Waka Tanka<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>We also considered relocating the action in Polynesia, and replacing the totem with a tiki. This could have been fun in order, after the game had been published and raised no eyelash anywhere, to point at the irony that while there are far more Polynesians than American Indians, the latter were an issue and not the former. But changing all the graphics would have been expensive, and the animal spirit storyline would not have fitted as well in the new setting. And anyway, I have another game with tikis in the pipe, we\u2019ll see what happens\u2026.. But, indeed, such issues will cause more and more problems in a world where products and images are globalized much faster than ideas.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Une revue universitaire am\u00e9ricaine (Analog Game Studies) m&#8217;a demand\u00e9 de retravailler mon article sur &#8220;d\u00e9coloniser Catan&#8221; pour en faire un essai plus long et un peu plus s\u00e9rieusement argument\u00e9. Ce post de blog reprend une annexe \u00e0 cet essai, annexe &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2016\/03\/10\/racisme-et-graphisme-dans-les-jeux-aux-etats-unis-et-en-europerace-and-game-imagery-in-europe-and-in-the-usa\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,27,299],"tags":[301,279,403,126,48,339,300],"class_list":["post-5552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-isla-dorada","category-le-monde-du-jeu-game-trends-and-styles","category-waka-tanka","tag-david-cochard","tag-eric-lang","tag-game-illustration","tag-intello-theory","tag-isla-dorada-2","tag-naiiade","tag-waka-tanka"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2HNOP-1ry","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5552","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5552"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5552\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11037,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5552\/revisions\/11037"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}