{"id":487,"date":"2018-06-23T15:04:30","date_gmt":"2018-06-23T15:04:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=487"},"modified":"2018-06-28T12:43:37","modified_gmt":"2018-06-28T12:43:37","slug":"terra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2018\/06\/23\/terra\/","title":{"rendered":"Terra"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Votre but : sauver la terre, rien de moins, mais les autres joueurs sont l\u00e0 pour vous aider – enfin, plus ou moins. Terra est un jeu semi-coop\u00e9ratif con\u00e7u pour illustrer les th\u00e8mes de la paix et du d\u00e9veloppement durable. Semi-coop\u00e9ratif, cela signifie que si chaque joueur doit chercher \u00e0 gagner la partie, il ne faut pour autant pas perdre de vue l’int\u00e9r\u00eat collectif. En effet, si chacun joue un peu trop “perso”, l’accumulation des crises conduit \u00e0 une situation dans laquelle tout le monde est perdant.<\/p>\n

Le politiquement correct n’ayant jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 ma tasse de th\u00e9, j’ai \u00e9t\u00e9 quelque peu surpris lorsque les organisateurs du forum international des cultures de Barcelone, en 2004, m’ont contact\u00e9 pour concevoir un jeu sur le th\u00e8me… paix, d\u00e9veloppement durable et diversit\u00e9 culturelle. J’ai commenc\u00e9 par refuser, expliquant que bien que n’ayant absolument rien, bien au contraire, contre la paix, le d\u00e9veloppement durable et la diversit\u00e9 culturelle, ma sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 \u00e9tait plut\u00f4t le tron\u00e7onnage de dragons \u00e0 la hache, et il a fallu qu’Oriol fasse le voyage d’Avignon pour parvenir \u00e0 me convaincre.<\/p>\n

Les toutes premi\u00e8res r\u00e9flexions, vite abandonn\u00e9es, ont port\u00e9 sur une sorte de Colons de Catan sur Mars, plan\u00e8te sur laquelle il fallait surtout \u00e9viter de refaire les m\u00eames erreurs que sur terre. Le jeu soit avait du mal \u00e0 s’affranchir de son mod\u00e8le, soit ne parvenait pas \u00e0 rester simple.<\/p>\n

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Je m’orientais alors sur une deuxi\u00e8me piste, celle d’un jeu de “semi-collaboration” dans lequel les joueurs doivent sauver la plan\u00e8te – rien de moins. Le principe du jeu est assez simple : les joueurs ont en main des cartes de valeurs diff\u00e9rentes, qui peuvent servir \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre les diff\u00e9rentes crises, sociales, diplomatiques et \u00e9cologiques, qui surviennent au cours de la partie dans les diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du monde. Les joueurs peuvent parfois marquer des points en contribuant \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre les crises, mais surtout et en mettant fort \u00e9go\u00efstement des s\u00e9ries de cartes de c\u00f4t\u00e9. Tout le probl\u00e8me, bien s\u00fbr, vient de ce que les cartes ainsi mises de c\u00f4t\u00e9 ne sont plus disponibles pour r\u00e9soudre les crises, et que lorsqu’il y a trop de crises… boum, \u00e7a p\u00eate et tout le monde a perdu. L\u2019id\u00e9e est de faire r\u00e9aliser aux joueurs que, bien que chacun cherche \u00e0 gagner, si l\u2019on ne domine pas collectivement les crises, alors le monde va \u00e0 sa perte et tout le monde sort perdant.<\/p>\n

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La dynamique \u00e0 l’\u0153uvre dans Terra est celle du paradoxe d’Olson, \u00e9galement connu sous le nom de paradoxe du passager clandestin (lequel est une forme de sophisme de composition, etc…). En 1965, dans The Logic of Collective Action, Mancur Olson mettait en \u00e9vidence ce qu’il appelait le paradoxe de l’acion collective, et qui est un peu une g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre dilemme du prisonnier. Olson \u00e9tudiait alors la participation individuelle aux mouvements sociaux, notamment de type syndical, et expliquait sa faiblesse par les comportements de “passagers clandestins”. L’individu rationnel s’abstiendra de toute action collective, sachant qu’il b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiera de toute fa\u00e7on des avantages obtenus, alors que la participation a pour lui un co\u00fbt, en temps et en argent. Bien \u00e9videmment, si tous les individus font le m\u00eame calcul rationnel, aucune action ne sera jamais men\u00e9e, et les int\u00e9r\u00eats collectifs du groupe n’ont alors aucune chance d’\u00eatre atteints. Habituellement appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00e9tude des mouvements sociaux, le paradoxe d’Olson est \u00e9galement une approche pertinente des probl\u00e8mes actuels de l’action internationale, notamment en mati\u00e8re d’environnement. Si chacun parie que les efforts pour, par exemple, r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, seront support\u00e9s par les autres, on n’a pas fini d’avoir chaud. Bref, nous nous retrouvons tous passagers clandestins d’un avion sans pilote et bient\u00f4t \u00e0 court de carburant.<\/p>\n

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\u00c0 l’arriv\u00e9e, le jeu tient parfois plus du chantage que de la collaboration d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9e, mais c’est aussi cela la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Mon exp\u00e9rience est qu’une partie sur deux, environ, se termine par une crise majeure et la d\u00e9faite de tous les joueurs qui n’ont pas pu, selon les termes de la r\u00e8gle, mettre en place les conditions de la paix et du d\u00e9veloppement durable.<\/p>\n

L’\u00e9dition europ\u00e9enne de Terra n’a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 un grand succ\u00e8s, mais le jeu a poursuivi son petit bonhomme de chemin en Chine, o\u00f9 il a connu deux \u00e9ditions successives chez Jolly Thinkers. Le th\u00e8me a tr\u00e8s l\u00e9g\u00e8rement chang\u00e9, puisqu’il n’y a plus que du d\u00e9veloppement durable, et qu’il faut \u00e9viter tout \u00e0 la fois l’\u00e9puisement des ressources, le r\u00e9chauffement climatique et la pollution. Je vous rassure tout de suite, on est toujours assez mal barr\u00e9s. La derni\u00e8re version, parue en 2018, est enti\u00e8rement bilingue anglais – chinois, et magnifiquement illustr\u00e9e par Ari Wong, dans le style qui a fait le succ\u00e8s de la s\u00e9rie des Pick a Dog, Pick a Polar Bear et quelques autres. Je ne sais pas trop comment on peut se la procurer en France, mais j’esp\u00e8re bien que quelqu’un se d\u00e9cidera \u00e0 l’importer, voire \u00e0 faire une version fran\u00e7aise de la version chinoise.<\/p>\n

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Terra<\/strong>
\nUn jeu de Bruno Faidutti
\nIllustr\u00e9 par Bernard Bittler, puis Ari Wong
\n3 \u00e0 6 joueurs – 30 minutes
\nPubli\u00e9 par Days of Wonder (2003), puis Jolly Thinkers
\nTric Trac<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Boardgamegeek<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Your goal : save the earth, nothing less, but the other players are here to help you – well, more or less. Terra is a semi-cooperative game designed to push the ideas of peace and sustainable development. Semi-cooperative means that, while each player tries to win the game, none must forget the common interest in solving social, eonomical and diplomatic crisis. If each players plays only in his own interest, the game is likely to end prematurely, with all players losing.<\/em><\/p>\n

Since I’ve never really been really fond of political correctness, I was a bit surprised when I was asked by the Barcelona international cultural forum to design a game about… peace, cultural diversity and sustainable development. I first declined the offer, and explained that, though I hold absolutely nothing against peace, cultural diversity and sustainable development, I was mostly specialized in Dragons bashing and carving, usually with a two handed axe. Happily, Oriol made the trip to Avignon and managed to convince me.<\/em><\/p>\n

I first thought of a kind of “Settlers of Catan on Mars”, where men had to develop the new colonized planet without making the same bundles they had made with the earth. Unfortunately, everytime I tried to make it more different from Catan, it became too complex or too strategic – and that wasn’t the idea.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

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That’s why I changed my mind and started to work on something completely different, and much more original, a “semi-collaboration” game in which players must… save the earth – nothing less. The basic idea is very simple: players have cards with different values that can be played to help solve all the social, diplomatic and ecologic crisis that occasionally erupt here or there in the world. Players can score points for helping to solve crisis, but score mostlt for, more egoistically, setting card series (suits or three of a kind) aside during the game. The problem, of course, is that the cards that have been set aside cannot be used anymore to solve crisis, and when there are too many crisis in play, it’s big bang and all players lose.The objective was to make people realize that, while they might not all win equally, they could easily all lose together if they do not, put their common interest forward with solving crisis together.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Well, the game actually sometimes feels more like blackmail than like unselfish collaboration, but that’s not completely unrealistic. My experience is that one game in two ends in a major crisis with all players losing, since they could not, as stated in the rules, create a situation of peace and sustainable development.<\/em><\/p>\n

The dynamics in Terra comes from Mancur’s Olson’s paradox, also known as the free rider paradox. In 1965, in The Logic of Collective Action, Mancur Olson formalized what he called the paradox of collective action, and which is, in a way, a generalization of the prisonner’s dilemma. Olson was studying the individual involvement in social movements, like trade-unions. He argued that any rational self-interested individual will not take part in collective action, since he will in all cases benefit from its benefits, when his own involvement has a cost in time and money. Of course, when all individuals make the same rational calculation, no collective action can ever take place, and the group objective will never be achieved. The Olson paradox is often used in the studies of local or workers collective action, it could also apply to today’s international problems, especially when environmental problems. If every individual, every group, every nation bets that the main efforts to, for example, reduce the greenhouse effect gas emissions, will be supported by the others, it’s not going to get any colder. In short, we’re all free riders in a plane with no pilot and very little gas left.<\/em><\/p>\n

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The western edition of Terra, published by Days of Wonder, was not a hit, but the game has kept selling in China, with two successive editions made by Jolly Thinkers. The setting has been slightly modified to encompass three aspects of sustainable development – save resources, fight climate change and avoid pollution. We’re probably screwed. The last version, published in 2018, is fully bilingual, Chinese and English. The art by Ari Wong is really cute, in the same style which made the succes of of Pick a Dog or Pick a Polar Bear. I don’t know if and how one can get it in Europe or the US, but I hope someone will distribute it. <\/em><\/p>\n

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Terra<\/strong>
\nA game by Bruno Faidutti
\nGraphics by Bernard Bittler, then Ari Wong
\n3 to 6 players – 30 minutes
\nPublished by Days of Wonder (2003), then Jolly Thinkers
\nBoardgamegeek<\/a><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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Votre but : sauver la terre, rien de moins, mais les autres joueurs sont l\u00e0 pour vous aider – enfin, plus ou moins. Terra est un jeu semi-coop\u00e9ratif con\u00e7u pour illustrer les th\u00e8mes de la paix et du d\u00e9veloppement durable. … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[337,445,254,358],"class_list":["post-487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-terra","tag-days-of-wonder","tag-jolly-thinkers","tag-politics","tag-terra"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/s2HNOP-terra","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/487","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=487"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/487\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9777,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/487\/revisions\/9777"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=487"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=487"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}