{"id":2840,"date":"2014-04-06T19:06:34","date_gmt":"2014-04-06T19:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=2840"},"modified":"2017-01-24T20:16:10","modified_gmt":"2017-01-24T20:16:10","slug":"la-volonte-de-savoir-the-will-to-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2014\/04\/06\/la-volonte-de-savoir-the-will-to-knowledge\/","title":{"rendered":"La Volont\u00e9 de Savoir <br> <i>The Will to Knowledge<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Foucault5.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3505\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2014\/04\/06\/la-volonte-de-savoir-the-will-to-knowledge\/foucault5\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Foucault5.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"244,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Foucault\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Foucault5.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3505\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Foucault5.jpg\" alt=\"Foucault5\" width=\"244\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Ne me demandez pas si ce post est un canular &#8211; je n&#8217;en sais rien moi-m\u00eame.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Relisant r\u00e9cemment La Volont\u00e9 de Savoir, de Michel Foucault, j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 frapp\u00e9 par les nombreux parall\u00e8les qu\u2019il me semblait pouvoir tracer entre ce que je lisais et mon exp\u00e9rience du jeu. Sur bien des points, l\u2019histoire des discours sur le jeu me semble en effet reproduire, mutatis mutandis, l\u2019histoire des discours sur la sexualit\u00e9 tels qu\u2019ils sont mis en \u00e9vidence dans ce premier tome de l\u2019Histoire de la Sexualit\u00e9. Cette th\u00e8se m\u00e9riterait une \u00e9tude plus pouss\u00e9e, appuy\u00e9e sur une v\u00e9ritable recherche historique, et je me contenterai de pr\u00e9senter ici quelques indices ponctuels, de sugg\u00e9rer quelques pistes, en esp\u00e9rant que quelqu\u2019un aura l\u2019envie, le temps et les outils intellectuels qui me manquent pour l\u2019approfondir. Foucault revendiquait volontiers le caract\u00e8re ludique de sa d\u00e9marche, mais il n\u2019a jamais, je crois, envisag\u00e9 le jeu comme sujet d\u2019\u00e9tude.<br \/>\nM\u00eame si elles ne peuvent pas toujours \u00eatre pouss\u00e9es tr\u00e8s loin, les analogies ponctuelles sont nombreuses et parfois amusantes. Lorsque Foucault, par exemple, d\u00e9crit les condamnations de la masturbation adolescente au XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, avec des arguments relevant autant de l\u2019hygi\u00e8ne que de la morale, j\u2019ai cru relire les nombreux articles de journaux dans lesquels des sp\u00e9cialistes plus ou moins autoproclam\u00e9s\u00a0 condamnent aujourd\u2019hui la pratique nocturne et solitaire des jeux videos. Tout comme les hygi\u00e9nistes victoriens faisaient mine de croire que la masturbation est le propre de l\u2019adolescence, certains psychologues d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui semblent d\u2019ailleurs souvent ignorer que l\u2019on peut jouer aux jeux video apr\u00e8s vingt ans.<\/p>\n<p>Au fil de la lecture, d\u2019autres analogies apparaissent ici et l\u00e0, comme entre l\u2019interdit de l\u2019inceste et celui du duel, entre l&#8217;hyst\u00e9rie et le jeu d&#8217;argent, mais ce n\u2019est pas l\u2019essentiel. Au del\u00e0 de tel ou tel d\u00e9tail amusant, ce qui frappe, c\u2019est \u00e0 quel point l\u2019analyse globale que Foucault fait de l\u2019histoire des discours de la sexualit\u00e9 en Occident pourrait facilement s\u2019appliquer, quoi que sur un mode mineur, au jeu.<\/p>\n<p>Foucault \u00e9crit, du moins si on le r\u00e9sume rapidement et assez grossi\u00e8rement, que du Moyen-\u00c2ge au vingti\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le sexe a \u00e9t\u00e9 moins l\u2019objet d\u2019une r\u00e9pression que d\u2019une injonction au discours, puis \u00e0 l\u2019analyse, qui aboutit \u00e0 faire de la sexualit\u00e9, pour la culture occidentale, la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 profonde et jamais r\u00e9ellement cach\u00e9e de l\u2019homme. La psychanalyse, la lib\u00e9ration sexuelle, le f\u00e9minisme, toutes les formes r\u00e9centes de d\u00e9voilement du sexe, n\u2019auraient donc rien de r\u00e9volutionnaires mais ne seraient qu\u2019une nouvelle modalit\u00e9 de la sexualit\u00e9 comme outil de contr\u00f4le social.<br \/>\nOn voit bien qu\u2019il est possible de dire un peu la m\u00eame chose du jeu. Le jeu n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 globalement r\u00e9prim\u00e9, mais il a toujours fait l\u2019objet de discours moraux tr\u00e8s critiques qui, d\u2019une autre mani\u00e8re, en faisaient un peu la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de l\u2019homme. Si le jeu des enfants \u00e9tait largement accept\u00e9, voice encourag\u00e9 parce que formateur, le jeu adulte semblait un gaspillage d\u2019\u00e9nergie tout comme le sexe non reproductif. En m\u00eame temps, tout comme le sexe, le jeu semblait quelque part un secret de l\u2019homme, un secret sans doute secondaire et bien moins universel que le sexe, mais un secret quand m\u00eame, m\u00e9ritant analyses et discours. Les exc\u00e8s dans le sexe et dans le jeu ont d\u2019ailleurs souvent partie li\u00e9, du libertinage d\u2019un Casanova \u00e0 l\u2019imaginaire &#8211; et peut-\u00eatre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 &#8211; de la prohibition. La pathologisation de certaines formes de jeu &#8211; en particulier le jeu d\u2019argent, le plus imm\u00e9diatement dangereux pour la logique capitaliste &#8211; rejoint la pathologisation de certaines formes de sexualit\u00e9 &#8211; en particulier l\u2019homosexualit\u00e9. La psychanalyse, depuis Freud, renvoie l\u2019homme \u00e0 la sexualit\u00e9; nous n\u2019avons pas de psychanalyse le renvoyant au jeu, mais elle est intellectuellement tout \u00e0 fait concevable, et je ne serais gu\u00e8re \u00e9tonn\u00e9 de la voir arriver bient\u00f4t.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es soixante, certains ont pens\u00e9 que la lib\u00e9ration sexuelle \u00e9tait r\u00e9volutionnaire. Foucault, qui se moque \u00e0 l\u2019occasion des \u00ab\u00a0Marcuseries\u00a0\u00bb, n\u2019y croyait gu\u00e8re, et l\u2019histoire lui a donn\u00e9 raison. Les homosexuels ne veulent plus faire la r\u00e9volution, ils veulent se marier et avoir des enfants.<br \/>\nAujourd\u2019hui, le jeu commence semble \u00e0 son tour se d\u00e9voiler, semble \u00eatre partout. La mode du poker montre que le jeu d\u2019argent n\u2019est plus une perversion. Les jeux videos se veulent soit huiti\u00e8me, neuvi\u00e8me ou dixi\u00e8me art, soit technique de formation des plus s\u00e9rieuses. On parle avec emphase de \u00ab\u00a0gamification\u00a0\u00bb du monde. Personne, cependant, n\u2019y voit les pr\u00e9misses d\u2019une r\u00e9volution &#8211; dommage, nous aurions tort, mais au moins ce serait marrant.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_3506\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3506\" data-attachment-id=\"3506\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2014\/04\/06\/la-volonte-de-savoir-the-will-to-knowledge\/casanova-tour\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"800,764\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;MP640 series&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1269433658&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"casanova\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-3506 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour-300x286.jpg\" alt=\"casanova-tour\" width=\"300\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour-300x286.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour-314x300.jpg 314w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/casanova-tour.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3506\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giacomo Casanova, 1725-1798<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Don&#8217;t ask me if this post is a joke &#8211; I&#8217;m not sure.<\/p>\n<p><em>Recently, while rereading Michel Foucault\u2019s The Will to Knowledge, I was stricken by the many analogies between what I was reading and my experience of games and gaming. It seems to me that the history of discourses on game is, mutates mutandis, very similar with the history of the discourses on sexuality as Foucault tells it in this first book of his History of Sexuality. Of course, this hypothesis would require a much more serious work, based on extensive historical surveys. I won\u2019t do it, but I\u2019d like to emphasis here some factual evidence examples, and suggest some directions. May be someone will have the will, the time and the academic tools I lack to delve deeper in this. Foucault sometime claimed the playful aspect of his work and method, but never, as far as I know, considered game as a research topic.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Even when most of them can\u2019t be pushed very far, the one-off analogies are numerous, striking and often fun. When Foucault discusses how XIXth century physicians condemned teenagers masturbation, based on both hygienic and moral issues, one feels like listening to the condemnation, usually by self-proclaimed psychologists, of the nightly and solitary practice of video games. Furthermore, when XIXth century hygienists seemed to believe that masturbation is practiced only by adolescents, many XXth century \u00ab\u00a0specialists\u00a0\u00bb write as if no one played video games after twenty.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>There are many other striking analogies, like between the bans on incest and on duel, between hystery and gambling, but that\u2019s not my main point. What\u2019s most impressive is how Foucault\u2019s global theoretical analysis of the history of the discourse on sexuality can be applied, on a minor key, on game.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>A short and very rough resum\u00e9 of Foucault\u2019s theory could be that, from the Middle Ages to the XXth century, sex was not globally repressed in the Western World, as was often said in the seventies; on the contrary, there was an injunction to track of and analyze sex. The result of this recurring injunction was that sex became, for the western culture, the deepest truth of human nature. Psychoanalysis, feminism, sexual revolution and all such recent movements who tried to unveil sexuality were therefore not revolutions, but just new ways of using sexuality for social control.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Something very similar can be said about game. Game was never globally repressed, but it was always the object of a critical moral discourse which supposed that it was part of the deep human nature. Children games were tolerated, or even encouraged because it was part of education, but adult gaming were seen as waste of energy, like non reproductive sex. In the same time, game was considered to be part of the secret of human nature &#8211; a secondary secret, less moving and universal than sex, but a similar secret, worth analyzing and talking about. Excesses in games and in sex were often related, as can be seen in the figure of the libertine Casanova or in the imaginary dimension of prohibition mobsters. The pathologization of some forms of gaming &#8211; and specifically gambling &#8211; is very similar, and has the same function, as the pathologization of some sexual behaviours, like homosexuality. Since Freud, Psychoanalysis has always sent the man back to his sexuality; there\u2019s no psychoanalysis based on gaming, but it\u2019s very easy to imagine one, and I wouldn\u2019t be surprised to see it emerge soon.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In the sixties, many thought that sexual liberation was the first step to revolution. Foucault mocked Marcuse, and didn\u2019t believe it. History proved him right &#8211; homosexuals now don\u2019t want to make sexual revolution, they just marry and have kids. \u2028Gaming liberation, gamin unveiling is now on the way. Gaming is everywhere. Everybody plays poker, and gambling is no more a perversion. Video games claim to be an eighth, ninth or tenth art form. Some even talk emphatically of the gamification of the real world. But no one thinks to believe this is the start of a true political revolution. Pity &#8211; it would be wrong, but it would be fun.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ne me demandez pas si ce post est un canular &#8211; je n&#8217;en sais rien moi-m\u00eame. Relisant r\u00e9cemment La Volont\u00e9 de Savoir, de Michel Foucault, j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 frapp\u00e9 par les nombreux parall\u00e8les qu\u2019il me semblait pouvoir tracer entre ce que &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2014\/04\/06\/la-volonte-de-savoir-the-will-to-knowledge\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[126],"class_list":["post-2840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-le-monde-du-jeu-game-trends-and-styles","tag-intello-theory"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2HNOP-JO","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2840"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6742,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2840\/revisions\/6742"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}