{"id":2362,"date":"2013-07-30T12:24:04","date_gmt":"2013-07-30T12:24:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=2362"},"modified":"2017-01-24T20:31:42","modified_gmt":"2017-01-24T20:31:42","slug":"entre-les-mondes-between-worlds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/","title":{"rendered":"Entre les mondes <br><i>  Between worlds<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2363\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/v314-shaman\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1379,1506\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bruno shaman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-937x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2363\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-274x300.jpg\" alt=\"v314-shaman\" width=\"274\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-274x300.jpg 274w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman-937x1024.jpg 937w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v314-shaman.jpg 1379w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mes deux activit\u00e9s professionnelles &#8211; la cr\u00e9ation de jeu et l&#8217;enseignement de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie et de la sociologie &#8211; ont une caract\u00e9ristique commune, celle d&#8217;\u00eatre plus ou moins au croisement de deux cultures, ou de deux formes d&#8217;esprit, litt\u00e9raire et scientifique. L&#8217;\u00e9conomie et la sociologie ne sont certainement pas des sciences dures; ce sont des sciences sociales, des sciences molles ou plut\u00f4t floues, dans lesquelles aucune analyse ne peut pr\u00e9tendre \u00e0 l&#8217;objectivit\u00e9, mais elles font n\u00e9anmoins des outils math\u00e9matiques ou statistiques un usage plus fr\u00e9quent (trop fr\u00e9quent peut-\u00eatre) que la psychanalyse ou la critique litt\u00e9raire. La conception d&#8217;un jeu de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est aussi une activit\u00e9 complexe, qui ressemble tant\u00f4t \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9criture d\u2019un roman, tant\u00f4t \u00e0 un exercice de math\u00e9matiques. C&#8217;est \u00e9galement vrai des jeux videos, sans parler des jeux de r\u00f4les.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une passionnante <a href=\"http:\/\/meepletown.com\/2013\/07\/game-designer-interview-matthew-dunstan\/\">interview,<\/a> Matthew Dunstan, l&#8217;auteur de Relic Runners, qui va bient\u00f4t sortir chez Days of Wonder, explique que, pour lui, la cr\u00e9ation d&#8217;un jeu est, pour l&#8217;essentiel, la r\u00e9solution d&#8217;un probl\u00e8me math\u00e9matique. Relic Runners s&#8217;inspire d&#8217;une variation sur le c\u00e9l\u00e8bre probl\u00e8me du repr\u00e9sentant de commerce &#8211; qui \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 derri\u00e8re quelques autres jeux, dont l&#8217;excellent Elfenland. Pour ma part, interrog\u00e9 sur le m\u00e9tier d\u2019auteur de jeu, je le compare habituellement plut\u00f4t \u00e0 celui d\u2019un sc\u00e9nariste de cin\u00e9ma ou de BD.<\/p>\n<p>Si l&#8217;on dresse un profil de l&#8217;auteur de jeu type, et notamment des \u00e9tudes qu&#8217;il a suivi, on trouve un assez grand nombre de math\u00e9maticiens, certains de haut niveau comme Richard Garfield ou Reiner Knizia, ou de physiciens et ing\u00e9nieurs comme Bruno Cathala ou Matthew Dunstan, mais je suis loin d&#8217;\u00eatre le seul auteur \u00e0 avoir une formation et une d\u00e9marche plut\u00f4t litt\u00e9raire ou artistique &#8211; je pense \u00e0 Dominique Ehrhard ou Philippe Despalli\u00e8res. Quand je passe en revue les quelques auteurs de jeux que je connais plus ou moins, je me rends m\u00eame compte que, pour la plupart d&#8217;entre eux, j&#8217;ignore totalement quel type d&#8217;\u00e9tude ils ont fait, s&#8217;ils en ont fait, et s&#8217;ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9s au jeu par une curiosit\u00e9 scientifique ou litt\u00e9raire. Il n&#8217;est m\u00eame pas possible d&#8217;opposer un &#8220;style&#8221; scientifique et un style litt\u00e9raire ou artistique dans la cr\u00e9ation ludiques. Il est de bon ton de moquer le c\u00f4t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s math\u00e9matique et calculatoire des jeux de Reiner Knizia, mais ceux de Dominique Ehrhard ne sont pas mal non plus. \u00c0 l&#8217;inverse, les jeux de Richard Garfield sont aussi chaotiques que les miens, et me semblent assez difficiles \u00e0 formaliser en termes math\u00e9matiques.<\/p>\n<p>Alors, qui a raison ? Comme d&#8217;habitude, tout le monde et personne. Tout le monde parce qu&#8217;un jeu est un ensemble complexe, parce que l&#8217;auteur &#8211; et souvent le m\u00eame auteur &#8211; peut partir d&#8217;un th\u00e8me, d&#8217;un m\u00e9canisme ou d&#8217;un mat\u00e9riel qui l&#8217;int\u00e9resse, et que selon le cas, la d\u00e9marche cr\u00e9ative sera ensuite tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente. Personne, parce que la cr\u00e9ation ludique rel\u00e8ve peut-\u00eatre, comme d&#8217;ailleurs l&#8217;\u00e9conomie et la sociologie, d&#8217;une troisi\u00e8me culture, celle du bricolage, qui n&#8217;est ni tout \u00e0 fait de l&#8217;art, ni vraiment de la science. Et maintenant il faut que je traduise \u00e7a en anglais et que je trouve comment exprimer cette id\u00e9e de bricolage.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2364\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/v315-grand-chaman\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1748,1858\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Bruno grand shaman\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-963x1024.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2364\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"v315- grand chaman\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-282x300.jpg 282w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman-963x1024.jpg 963w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/v315-grand-chaman.jpg 1748w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>I have two jobs \u2013 designing games and teaching economics and sociology. These domains have one thing in common. They require a mix between two cultures, or two ways of thinking, the scientific and the literary one. Economics and sociology are certainly not hard sciences; they are social sciences, soft or fuzzy sciences, but they nevertheless use more math \u2013 and may be more than they ought to &#8211; \u00a0than psychoanalysis or literary criticism. Designing a board or card game is also a multifaceted activity. , and feels sometimes like writing, sometimes like solving a math problem. This is also true of video games and role playing games.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In a fascinating<a href=\"http:\/\/meepletown.com\/2013\/07\/game-designer-interview-matthew-dunstan\/\"> interview<\/a>, Matthiew Dunstan, the author of Relic Runners, soon to be published by Days of Wonder, explains that, for him, designing a game is mostly a mathematical exercise. Relic Runners is indeed directly inspired by the salesman problem \u2013 which already gave us several games, including one of my all time favorites, Elfenland. When I\u2019m asked about my activity as a game designer, I usually tell that it\u2019s a bit like writing a movie screenplay or a comics storyline.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>If you check the game authors, many indeed have a mathematical background \u2013 Richard Garfield and Reiner Knizia both have a PhD in it. Others, like Matthew Dunstan or Bruno Cathala, graduated in chemistry or physics. On the other hand, I\u2019m far to be the only one with a more literary or artistic background \u2013 I\u2019m thinking of Philippe DesPalli\u00e8res, or of Dominique Ehrhard, who is a professional painter. The strangest thing is probably that, when I check my game designer friends, I have no idea of their style of academic background, if they have any. It\u2019s not even possible to distinguish between a \u201cscientific\u201d and a \u201cliterary\u201d style in game design. Game designers use to mock the abstract and mathematical style of Reiner Knizia\u2019s designs, but Dominique Ehrhard\u2019s games have a similar feel. On the opposite, Richard Garfield\u2019s games are as chaotic as mine, and I doubt he ever tried to formalize them in a mathematical way.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>So, who\u2019s right ? As usual, no one and everyone.. Everyone, because a game is a complex item, and because its designer \u2013 and often the same designer \u2013 can start from a theme, a mechanism or a component, and the creative process can therefore follow different paths. No one, because game design, like economics and sociology, mostly requires a third way of thinking, a third culture, the culture of makeshift* , which is neither art nor science.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>* I can\u2019t find an English world to express the idea that \u201cbricolage\u201d gives in French \u2013 it has the ideas of makeshift, improvisation, pragmatism, mix of elements from different origins\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mes deux activit\u00e9s professionnelles &#8211; la cr\u00e9ation de jeu et l&#8217;enseignement de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie et de la sociologie &#8211; ont une caract\u00e9ristique commune, celle d&#8217;\u00eatre plus ou moins au croisement de deux cultures, ou de deux formes d&#8217;esprit, litt\u00e9raire et scientifique. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/07\/30\/entre-les-mondes-between-worlds\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[123],"tags":[126],"class_list":["post-2362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-creation-ludique-game-design","tag-intello-theory"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2HNOP-C6","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2362"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6762,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2362\/revisions\/6762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}