{"id":2264,"date":"2013-06-03T03:44:12","date_gmt":"2013-06-03T03:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=2264"},"modified":"2024-08-26T22:05:58","modified_gmt":"2024-08-26T22:05:58","slug":"jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeux de coop\u00e9ration et de comp\u00e9tition, un paradoxe politique <br><i>  Cooperative and competitive games, a political paradox<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2283\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/teamwork-arrow-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,443\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"teamwork arrow\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-300x207.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2283\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"teamwork arrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-433x300.jpg 433w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>J&#8217;\u00e9tais, il y aune dizaine de jours, \u00e0 un tr\u00e8s s\u00e9rieux colloque international sur les jeux et l&#8217;\u00e9ducation. J&#8217;y ai principalement exprim\u00e9 ma m\u00e9fiance face \u00e0 la mode du jeu \u00e9ducatif, y compris le &#8220;serious games&#8221; informatique, qui bien souvent n&#8217;est plus per\u00e7u comme un jeu par les \u00e9l\u00e8ves, qui privil\u00e9gie la r\u00e9flexion analytique et strat\u00e9gique d\u00e9j\u00e0 trop pr\u00e9sente dans l&#8217;univers scolaire au d\u00e9triment de la pens\u00e9e critique, et qui, tout comme les envahissants powerpoints, finit par interdire l&#8217;improvisation et l&#8217;innovation au nom m\u00eame de l&#8217;innovation. Il faudrait que je reprenne les vagues notes qui ont servi de base \u00e0 mon intervention pour en faire un article r\u00e9dig\u00e9 et construit, mais j&#8217;avoue avoir un peu la flemme. je voudrais plut\u00f4t aborder l&#8217;une des tendances qui m&#8217;ont frapp\u00e9 lors des divers ateliers et d\u00e9bats auxquels j&#8217;ai pu prendre part &#8211; la mise en avant syst\u00e9matique des jeux de coop\u00e9ration et de collaboration.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2265\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/orchard\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"588,422\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Verger\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard-300x215.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2265\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"orchard\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard-418x300.jpg 418w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/orchard.jpg 588w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Quel enfant n&#8217;a pas jou\u00e9 au Verger, publi\u00e9 par Haba dans sa grosse boite jaune avec plein de jolis fruits en bois . D\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sents depuis bien longtemps dans les jeux pour enfants, le jeu de coop\u00e9ration a saut\u00e9 le pas il y a une petite dizaine d&#8217;ann\u00e9es pour passer dans les jeux de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour adultes. Reiner Knizia a ouvert la voie avec le Seigneur des Anneaux, d&#8217;autres ont suivi, avec notamment Les Chevaliers de la Table Ronde ou Pand\u00e9mie. Moi m\u00eame, qui ne suis pas un fan du genre, ait commis le faussement politiquement correct <a title=\"Terra\" href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=487\">Terra<\/a> et le tr\u00e8s peu politiquement correct <del>Sauvez le Kursk<\/del> <a title=\"Novembre Rouge\" href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=277\">Novembre Rouge<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2266\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/lordoftheringsfront\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Lord of the Rings\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front-300x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2266\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"lord+of+the+rings+front\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/lord+of+the+rings+front.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nous sommes v\u00e9ritablement dans le &#8220;politiquement correct&#8221;. Le jeu de coop\u00e9ration &#8211; et ce n&#8217;est pas par hasard que l&#8217;on pr\u00e9f\u00e8re ce mot \u00e0 celui de collaboration &#8211; est particuli\u00e8rement bien vu dans deux milieux qui se recoupent assez largement, et dans lesquels je me reconnais d&#8217;ailleurs largement, les \u00e9cologistes et autres anti-capitalistes un peu bobo, et les profs de gauche. Il y a \u00e0 cela des raisons d&#8217;ordre moral et \u00e9thique, voire simplement esth\u00e9tique, relevant de la non-violence, comme si un jeu de comp\u00e9tition \u00e9tait r\u00e9ellement violent. Il y a surtout des motifs politiques et \u00e9conomiques sur lesquels je voudrais m&#8217;attarder car ils me semblent d\u00e9couler assez largement d&#8217;une erreur d&#8217;analyse. L&#8217;id\u00e9e, en gros, serait que le vilain capitalisme mondial est le monde de la comp\u00e9tition sauvage, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par les jeux traditionnels, auquel nous devrions opposer le monde de la gentille collaboration pour b\u00e2tir un avenir meilleur et un d\u00e9veloppement durable, illustr\u00e9 par les jeux coop\u00e9ratifs. Si je suis bien d&#8217;accord pour dire que l&#8217;on ne b\u00e2tira sans doute pas un monde meilleur \u00e0 coups de fusils d&#8217;assaut et d&#8217;\u00e9p\u00e9es \u00e0 deux mains, je pense que l&#8217;analyse du capitalisme contemporain comme un univers de pure comp\u00e9tition est largement, et parfois d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment, trompeuse. Les grandes multinationales qui emploient le jeu lors de leurs formations internes utilisent aussi beaucoup les jeux de coop\u00e9ration pour encourager le &#8220;travail d&#8217;\u00e9quipe&#8221; tr\u00e8s productif, les &#8220;synergies&#8221;, l'&#8221;\u00e9mulation&#8221;, la &#8220;culture d&#8217;entreprise&#8221; toujours hypocrite et toutes ces sortes de foutaises. Comme l&#8217;avait vu Marx, le capitalisme met bien les prol\u00e9taires en comp\u00e9tition les uns avec les autres, et l&#8217;aggravation r\u00e9cente de cette tendance remet peut-\u00eatre dans l&#8217;actualit\u00e9 les analyses en termes de paup\u00e9risation du prol\u00e9tariat.\u00a0 Mais, comme l&#8217;avait vu Schumpeter, dont tous ceux qui ne connaissent que le thurif\u00e9raire de l&#8217;entrepreneur innovateur oublient qu&#8217;il se revendiquait socialiste, le capitalisme moderne n&#8217;est pas seulement l&#8217;univers de la concurrence, c&#8217;est aussi celui de la connivence &#8211; des arrangements, de la combinazione diraient nos amis italiens, pas toujours non-violents. Et puis, pour changer le monde, il y a aussi des moments o\u00f9 il faut se r\u00e9volter et se battre. Faire du jeu de comp\u00e9tition la m\u00e9taphore de la guerre et de la concurrence sauvage et du jeu de coop\u00e9ration celle de la paix dans le monde et du d\u00e9veloppement durable est une gentille mais monumentale erreur d&#8217;analyse.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1824\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/sample-page\/2219_60192954883_200_n\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"192,360\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Terra cover\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n-160x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1824\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n-160x300.jpg\" alt=\"2219_60192954883_200_n\" width=\"160\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n-160x300.jpg 160w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/06\/2219_60192954883_200_n.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Certes, me r\u00e9pondront les gentils \u00e9ducateurs, mais du moins les jeux de coop\u00e9ration permettent-ils d&#8217;encourager la discussion, le d\u00e9bat, la construction collective d&#8217;une strat\u00e9gie plut\u00f4t que le chacun pour soi. Ce sont d&#8217;ailleurs des jeux o\u00f9 tout le monde gagne (ou perd) &#8211; contre le vilain corbeau noir ou l&#8217;\u0153il de Sauron &#8211; et ou aucun perdant ne se sent personnellement humili\u00e9. Je leur rappellerai d&#8217;abord que, sauf cas pathologiques, le perdant d&#8217;un jeu de comp\u00e9tition n&#8217;a aucune raison de se sentir humili\u00e9, ni le vainqueur de se sentir fier puisque, par d\u00e9finition, ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un jeu. Dans un jeu, si l&#8217;on cherche toujours \u00e0 gagner, on se moque bien au fond, ensuite, de savoir qui a gagn\u00e9. Ce qui se passe dans bien des jeux de coop\u00e9ration est plus probl\u00e9matique &#8211; il n&#8217;y a ni vainqueur, ni vaincu, mais il y a souvent un leader, un guide (j&#8217;arr\u00eate les traductions avant d&#8217;atteindre le point Godwin).\u00a0 Les vrais jeux de coop\u00e9ration, et notamment ceux destin\u00e9s aux plus jeunes comme Le Verger, sont en fait souvent des jeux pour un seul joueur, avec une strat\u00e9gie optimale. Parfois, des joueurs d&#8217;\u00e2ge, d&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eat et de capacit\u00e9s \u00e9quivalents vont d\u00e9battre pour s&#8217;adapter aux circonstances et d\u00e9couvrir cette strat\u00e9gie optimale mais, bien souvent, l&#8217;un d&#8217;entre eux va prendre le leadership, expliquer ce qu&#8217;il faut faire, pourquoi il vaut mieux que le corbeau mange des prunes s&#8217;il reste plus de prunes, et l&#8217;initiation \u00e0 la collaboration devient entrainement au leadership et \u00e0 la soumission.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2267\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde.png\" data-orig-size=\"532,469\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Les Chevaliers de la Table Ronde\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde-300x264.png\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde.png\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2267\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde-300x264.png\" alt=\"les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde\" width=\"300\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde-300x264.png 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde-340x300.png 340w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/les-chevaliers-de-la-table-ronde.png 532w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Certes,\u00a0 des jeux tentent de contourner ce probl\u00e8me. Pour les plus jeunes, des jeux de construction ou d&#8217;adresse &#8211; je pense par exemple \u00e0 Burgritter &#8211; obligent les joueurs \u00e0 effectuer des actions \u00e0 plusieurs. Dans les jeux pour adultes, l&#8217;introduction d&#8217;un possible tra\u00eetre, comme dans les Chevaliers de la Table Ronde ou Battlestar Galactica introduit la suspicion et emp\u00eache la franche discussion collaborative. Je trouve personnellement que cela donne \u00e0 ces jeux une dimension psychologique tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante, mais je ne suis pas certain que la d\u00e9lation et la chasse au mouton noir soient pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ce que les na\u00effs p\u00e9dagogues vantant les jeux de coop\u00e9ration cherchent \u00e0 encourager. \u00c7a n&#8217;emp\u00eache pas toutes les colonies de vacances de jouer aux Loups Garous de Thiercelieux, et c&#8217;est tant mieux. On peut aussi, et c&#8217;est le choix d&#8217;Antoine Bauza dans Hanabi, qui fait beaucoup parler de lui en ce moment, interdire toute communication entre les joueurs &#8211; mais l\u00e0, c&#8217;est le d\u00e9bat collaboratif qui en prend un coup. Et je ne parle pas de Space Cadets, ou chacun fait son petit jeu dans son coin &#8211; m\u00eame si \u00e7a a l&#8217;air d&#8217;\u00eatre un jeu diablement amusant.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2268\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/werewolves\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"480,388\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"werewolves\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves-300x242.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2268\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves-300x242.jpg\" alt=\"werewolves\" width=\"300\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves-371x300.jpg 371w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/werewolves.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Restent les jeux par \u00e9quipe &#8211; un genre que j&#8217;aime assez pratiquer mais avec lequel je suis suffisamment mal \u00e0 l&#8217;aise pour ne m&#8217;y \u00eatre jamais vraiment essay\u00e9 comme cr\u00e9ateur. Dans un jeu par \u00e9quipe &#8211; et c&#8217;est notamment vrai dans le sport &#8211; il y a \u00e0 la fois de la collaboration, entre partenaires, et de la comp\u00e9tition, avec les autres. C&#8217;est sans doute pour cela que les sports d&#8217;\u00e9quipe sont si fr\u00e9quemment utilis\u00e9s et mis en sc\u00e8ne \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9cole, mais eux aussi produisent des leaders et, surtout, cr\u00e9ent un univers de jeu divis\u00e9 en deux camps &#8211; pas du tout politiquement correct, \u00e7a!<\/p>\n<p>Alors quoi ? Alors, sans doute, faut-il accepter une bonne fois pour toutes que l&#8217;on s&#8217;en moque, qu&#8217;un jeu n&#8217;est fait et ne peut \u00eatre fait ni pour enseigner la comp\u00e9tition, ni pour apprendre la collaboration, mais simplement pour divertir les joueurs, et que l&#8217;on peut se divertir tr\u00e8s innocemment l&#8217;un contre l&#8217;autre ou l&#8217;un avec l&#8217;autre tant que, justement, on ne pense pas \u00eatre l\u00e0 pour apprendre quoi que ce soit.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2283\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/teamwork-arrow-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"640,443\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"teamwork arrow\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-300x207.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2283\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"teamwork arrow\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1-433x300.jpg 433w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/teamwork-arrow1.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>A dozen days ago, i hold a conference at a very serious international symposium on games and education. I mostly expressed my wariness with the recent fashion in educative games, including the strangely named &#8220;serious games&#8221; all of which are never really considered games by students and focus on analytic and strategic thinking, which are already far too present in school, and largely discard as irrelevant any form of critical thinking. Like powerpoints, games tend to limit teachers&#8217; improvisation and therefore innovation in learning, in the very name of innovation. I should take the bunch of notes I used in my speech and write a consistent article out of them, but i&#8217;m a bit lazy about it and would rather discuss one of the emphasis I noticed there &#8211; on cooperative and collaborative gaming.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2273\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"500,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Secret Door\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game-300x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2273\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"family-pastimes-secret-door-game\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/family-pastimes-secret-door-game.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Cooperative children games have been popular for years. Every kid in Europe has played The Orchard, a basic and mostly luck driven cooperative published by Haba with lavish wooden bits. Many American kids have played one of the &#8211; usually bad &#8211; Family Pastimes boardgames. Cooperative boardgames entered adult boardgaming with Reiner Knizia&#8217;s Lord of the Rings, and many authors followed suit with, among others, shadows over Camelot or Pandemic. Even when I&#8217;ve never been very dedicated to the genre, I designed two, the superficially and falsely politically correct <a title=\"Terra\" href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?cat=73\">Terra<\/a> and the totally unpolitically correct <del>Save the Kursk<\/del> <a title=\"Red November\" href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/?p=277\">Red November<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2271\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/pandemic_box-art\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"427,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.2&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon PowerShot SD770 IS&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1230561391&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;7.23&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.125&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pandemic\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art-213x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2271\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art-213x300.jpg\" alt=\"pandemic_box-art\" width=\"213\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/pandemic_box-art.jpg 427w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 213px) 100vw, 213px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Cooperative games are the epitome of liberal political correctness. They are very popular in two circles to which I undoubtedly belong, ecologists and similar anti-capitalists and leftist teachers &#8211; and calling them cooperative games rather than collaborative games is, especially in Europe, not a neutral choice. There are moral and ethical, if not simply esthetic, reasons to this &#8211; cooperative game looks like a non violent sort of gaming, as if competitive games were really violent. There are mostly political and economical reasons which, i think, derive from a popular but erroneous analysis. Broadly speaking, the idea is that the evil world capitalism is based on fierce competition, and is represented in competitive games, and that we ought to oppose to it the world of friendly cooperation and sustainable development embedded in collaborative games. While I agree that chainsaws and two-handed swords might not be the\u00a0 best fitted tools to build a better tomorrow, i also think that the prevalent analysis of contemporary capitalism as a world of pure competition, as in Mankiw&#8217;s catechism, is largely and may be deliberately misleading. Global corporations also make a heavy use of cooperative games &#8211; <em>though they prefer to talk of collaborative gaming &#8211;\u00a0<\/em> to promote &#8220;team spirit&#8221; and enforce &#8220;corporate culture&#8221; and other similar bullshit. As Marx has rightly observed, capitalists tend to create competition between workers, and the recent globalization might be reviving his analysis about the gradual impoverishment of the working class. Schumpeter is often quoted nowadays as the champion of small capitalist innovators, while we forget that he was also a self proclaimed socialist and champion of state monopolies, and he was also right in describing modern capitalism as the world not only of competition, but also of arrangements, cartels, connivence &#8211; combinazione, to use the italian world, not necessarily associated with non violence. Furthermore, revolt might be necessary to change things, and can&#8217;t be always non-violent. Stating that competitive gaming is a metaphor of war or savage capitalism, and cooperative games a tool for peace in the world and sustainable development is a cute idea but a major error in reasoning.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/red-november-box.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/red-november-box-261x300.png\" alt=\"red-november-box\" width=\"261\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Of course, nice and well meaning teachers might answer that, at least, collaborative games teach discussion, debate, and the collective building of a strategy rather than the usual every man for himself. Since everyone wins, or sometimes loses, against the dark raven or the evil eye of Sauron, no individual loser can feel humiliated, no individual winner can feel particularly proud of himself. Well, a common characteristic of all games is that they are just games and that winning and losing, while being fundamental when playing, doesn&#8217;t matter anymore once the game is over. What happens with many cooperative games is more problematic &#8211; there&#8217;s no winner or loser, but there&#8217;s often a leader, a guide (let&#8217;s stop with translations before we reach the Godwin point) who takes all the real decisions for all players. True cooperative games,\u00a0 and especially those aimed at younger players like the ubiquitous Orchard, are in fact single player games with an optimal strategy. Players of the same age, energy and abilities might collaborate to find this strategy, but most times one will seize the leadership, explain why it&#8217;s better to have the raven eat plums when there are mostly plums left, and what was designed as a tool for learning collaboration becomes a tool for learning leadership and submission.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"8478\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/battlestar-galactica-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"499,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Battlestar Galactica\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica-300x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica.jpg\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8478 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica-299x300.jpg 299w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/battlestar-galactica.jpg 499w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Of course, there are technical ways to avoid the leadership issue. Some children games, like the building game Burgritter, require gamers to really act as a team when fulfilling some tasks. In adult games, the introduction of a possible traitor, like in Shadows over Camelot or Battlestar Galactica, creates strong suspicion and prevents totally open discussion. I think it brings a very interesting psychological dimension to these games, but I&#8217;m not sure denunciation and hunt for the black sheep are exactly what leftist educators want to teach. Anyway, this doesn&#8217;t prevent most summer camps to play werewolf, and that&#8217;s for the best. One can also, like Antoine Bauza did in Hanabi, forbid any communication between players &#8211; so much for collaborative debate. And I don&#8217;t talk of Space Cadets, in which each player plays his own little solo game &#8211; even when it seems to be a pretty fun game.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2274\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/hanabi\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"hanabi\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi-300x300.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi.jpg\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2274\" src=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"hanabi\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/hanabi.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Team games are a genre of their own. I like playing them, but I&#8217;ve never really known how to design them. In a team game &#8211; including most sports &#8211; there&#8217;s both collaboration between partners and competition against the opposing team. That&#8217;s probably why sports are so regularly used at school &#8211; though I used to hate them as a student. The problem is that they also encourage leadership, and create a game world divided in two sides &#8211; not very politically correct either.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>So what ? Let&#8217;s agree that we don&#8217;t really care, that a game is never designed to teach competition or collaboration but just to give the players some fun or excitement, and that it&#8217;s perfectly healthy to play one against the other or one with the other, as long as it&#8217;s just a game and noone thinks he&#8217;s learning anything.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>J&#8217;\u00e9tais, il y aune dizaine de jours, \u00e0 un tr\u00e8s s\u00e9rieux colloque international sur les jeux et l&#8217;\u00e9ducation. J&#8217;y ai principalement exprim\u00e9 ma m\u00e9fiance face \u00e0 la mode du jeu \u00e9ducatif, y compris le &#8220;serious games&#8221; informatique, qui bien souvent &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/blog\/2013\/06\/03\/jeux-de-cooperation-et-de-competition-un-paradoxe-politique-cooperative-and-competitive-games-a-political-paradox\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[123,27],"tags":[257,126,253,254],"class_list":["post-2264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-creation-ludique-game-design","category-le-monde-du-jeu-game-trends-and-styles","tag-enseignement","tag-intello-theory","tag-jeux-de-cooperation-cooperative-games","tag-politics"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p2HNOP-Aw","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2264","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2264"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2264\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17457,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2264\/revisions\/17457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2264"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/faidutti.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}